{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4400276733","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wcnc57260.2024.10570978","title":"Inferring Starlink Physical Layer Transmission Rates Through Receiver Packet Timestamps","display_name":"Inferring Starlink Physical Layer Transmission Rates Through Receiver Packet Timestamps","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-04-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4400276733","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wcnc57260.2024.10570978"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/wcnc57260.2024.10570978","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wcnc57260.2024.10570978","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-98080","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102018078","display_name":"Johan Garcia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3461-7079"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43968019","display_name":"Karlstad University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s754026","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43968019"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Johan Garcia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Karlstad University / Icomera AB"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Karlstad University / Icomera AB","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43968019"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074606519","display_name":"Simon Sundberg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3570-9525"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43968019","display_name":"Karlstad University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s754026","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43968019"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simon Sundberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Karlstad University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Karlstad University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43968019"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004876884","display_name":"Anna Brunstr\u00f6m","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7311-9334"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43968019","display_name":"Karlstad University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s754026","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43968019"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anna Brunstrom","raw_affiliation_strings":["Karlstad University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Karlstad University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43968019"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43968019"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11409","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Network Optimization","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11409","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Network Optimization","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10575","display_name":"Wireless Communication Networks Research","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/timestamp","display_name":"Timestamp","score":0.7934093475341797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-layer","display_name":"Physical layer","score":0.7531912326812744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6819766759872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.6788656711578369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.5825455188751221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/layer","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","score":0.5191603899002075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4948379397392273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.17961359024047852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.1751803159713745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.12464511394500732}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113954288","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186885","display_name":"Timestamp","level":2,"score":0.7934093475341797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19247436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192727","display_name":"Physical layer","level":3,"score":0.7531912326812744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6819766759872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.6788656711578369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.5825455188751221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.5191603899002075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4948379397392273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.17961359024047852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.1751803159713745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.12464511394500732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/wcnc57260.2024.10570978","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wcnc57260.2024.10570978","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:DiVA.org:kau-98080","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-98080","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402133","display_name":"Digitala vetenskapliga arkivet (Diva) (Karlstad University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I43968019","host_organization_name":"Karlstad University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43968019"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:DiVA.org:kau-98080","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-98080","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402133","display_name":"Digitala vetenskapliga arkivet (Diva) (Karlstad University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I43968019","host_organization_name":"Karlstad University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43968019"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.6200000047683716}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3011196476","https://openalex.org/W3179283102","https://openalex.org/W4213251304","https://openalex.org/W4307020315","https://openalex.org/W4307020413","https://openalex.org/W4318243594","https://openalex.org/W4364322497","https://openalex.org/W4366957376","https://openalex.org/W4377981511","https://openalex.org/W4380050539","https://openalex.org/W4381745322","https://openalex.org/W4386692006","https://openalex.org/W4388125426","https://openalex.org/W4389109226","https://openalex.org/W4392392837","https://openalex.org/W4393242434","https://openalex.org/W4396758450"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2060561905","https://openalex.org/W1417711376","https://openalex.org/W1986883493","https://openalex.org/W2469862403","https://openalex.org/W2166378262","https://openalex.org/W2035891203","https://openalex.org/W4379524643","https://openalex.org/W2367807705","https://openalex.org/W4285233590","https://openalex.org/W2054792846"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Although":[0],"Starlink":[1,34,39,107,148,166],"has":[2],"been":[3],"deployed":[4],"for":[5,159,177,182],"several":[6,209],"years,":[7],"a":[8,27,33,58,66,92,117,160,165,187,217],"detailed":[9],"understanding":[10],"of":[11,68,120,146,190,205,216,219,224],"system":[12],"internals":[13],"is":[14],"still":[15],"lacking.":[16],"In":[17],"this":[18],"work":[19],"we":[20,62,90],"employ":[21,127],"precise":[22],"per-packet":[23],"timestamps":[24],"obtained":[25,141],"from":[26],"hardware-timestamp":[28],"capable":[29],"NIC":[30],"connected":[31],"to":[32,94,131,143,199],"terminal.":[35],"We":[36,126],"find":[37],"that":[38,105],"frame":[40,150,167,176],"timing":[41,54,72],"details":[42,84],"are":[43,116],"readily":[44],"observable":[45],"at":[46],"the":[47,52,86,96,140,147,214,220],"network":[48],"layer":[49,99,123,195],"by":[50,203,212],"analyzing":[51],"packet":[53,69],"patterns.":[55],"Based":[56],"on":[57,85],"one-week":[59],"measurement":[60],"campaign":[61],"collect":[63],"around":[64],"half":[65],"billion":[67],"size":[70],"and":[71,138,172],"observations.":[73],"Processing":[74],"these":[75],"observations":[76,154],"yields":[77,186],"2.3":[78],"million":[79],"transmission":[80,124,136],"bursts.":[81],"To":[82],"learn":[83],"radio":[87,161],"resource":[88,162],"management":[89],"develop":[91],"methodology":[93],"infer":[95],"effective":[97],"physical":[98,122,194],"sending":[100],"rate.":[101],"Our":[102,152],"findings":[103],"show":[104],"although":[106],"throughput":[108],"can":[109],"vary":[110],"widely":[111],"over":[112],"multiple":[113],"time-scales,":[114],"there":[115],"small":[118],"number":[119],"fundamental":[121,135],"rates.":[125],"Gaussian":[128],"Mixture":[129],"Modeling":[130],"determine":[132],"14":[133],"such":[134],"rates,":[137],"relate":[139],"rates":[142],"previous":[144],"knowledge":[145],"OFDMA":[149],"structure.":[151],"empirical":[153],"provide":[155],"an":[156],"excellent":[157],"match":[158],"configuration":[163],"where":[164],"employs":[168],"1000":[169],"sub":[170],"carriers":[171],"287":[173],"symbols":[174,221],"per":[175],"user":[178],"traffic":[179],"transmission,":[180],"which":[181],"uniform":[183],"4-QAM":[184],"modulation":[185,215],"base":[188,196],"rate":[189,197],"430.5":[191],"Mbps.":[192],"This":[193],"appears":[198],"mostly":[200],"be":[201],"varied":[202],"multiples":[204,223],"27":[206],"Mbps,":[207],"in":[208,222],"instances":[210],"likely":[211],"modifying":[213],"subset":[218],"18":[225],"symbols.":[226]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}