{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3092743471","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wcnc49053.2021.9417363","title":"Remote Electrical Tilt Optimization via Safe Reinforcement Learning","display_name":"Remote Electrical Tilt Optimization via Safe Reinforcement Learning","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3092743471","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wcnc49053.2021.9417363","mag":"3092743471"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/wcnc49053.2021.9417363","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wcnc49053.2021.9417363","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2010.05842","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075203365","display_name":"Filippo Vannella","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7668-0650"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1306339040","display_name":"Ericsson (Sweden)","ror":"https://ror.org/05a7rhx54","country_code":"SE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306339040"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86987016","display_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vcq606","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Filippo Vannella","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ericsson Research, Stockholm, Sweden","KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden","KTH Royal Institute of Technology,, Stockholm, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ericsson Research, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1306339040"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology,, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026825273","display_name":"Grigorios Iakovidis","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1306339040","display_name":"Ericsson (Sweden)","ror":"https://ror.org/05a7rhx54","country_code":"SE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306339040"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86987016","display_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vcq606","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Grigorios Iakovidis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ericsson Research, Stockholm, Sweden","KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden","KTH Royal Institute of Technology,, Stockholm, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ericsson Research, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1306339040"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology,, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007382401","display_name":"Ezeddin Al H\u00e5kim","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1306339040","display_name":"Ericsson (Sweden)","ror":"https://ror.org/05a7rhx54","country_code":"SE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306339040"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ezeddin Al Hakim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ericsson Research, Stockholm, Sweden","Ericsson Research,Stockholm,Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ericsson Research, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1306339040"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ericsson Research,Stockholm,Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1306339040"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002919366","display_name":"Erik Aumayr","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7071-8929"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210150373","display_name":"Ericsson (Ireland)","ror":"https://ror.org/04swdfh12","country_code":"IE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306339040","https://openalex.org/I4210150373"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erik Aumayr","raw_affiliation_strings":["Network Management Research Lab, LM Ericsson, Athlone, Ireland","Network Management Research Lab, LM Ericsson,Athlone,Ireland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Network Management Research Lab, LM Ericsson, Athlone, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150373"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Network Management Research Lab, LM Ericsson,Athlone,Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150373"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007728322","display_name":"Saman Feghhi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1988-9615"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210150373","display_name":"Ericsson (Ireland)","ror":"https://ror.org/04swdfh12","country_code":"IE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306339040","https://openalex.org/I4210150373"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saman Feghhi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Network Management Research Lab, LM Ericsson, Athlone, Ireland","Network Management Research Lab, LM Ericsson,Athlone,Ireland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Network Management Research Lab, LM Ericsson, Athlone, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150373"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Network Management Research Lab, LM Ericsson,Athlone,Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150373"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5075203365"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1306339040","https://openalex.org/I86987016"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.1016,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.39516521,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"7"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11158","display_name":"Wireless Networks and Protocols","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.8747922778129578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.7270155549049377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7183606028556824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.5979149341583252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baseline","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","score":0.5880576968193054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.5397464036941528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-performance","display_name":"Network performance","score":0.4206472337245941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/performance-indicator","display_name":"Performance indicator","score":0.41705724596977234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4143155813217163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.35146647691726685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.3386352062225342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.3325444757938385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.31554070115089417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.21949005126953125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1911585032939911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.1246691644191742}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.8747922778129578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.7270155549049377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7183606028556824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.5979149341583252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.5880576968193054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.5397464036941528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203274722","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7001161","display_name":"Network performance","level":2,"score":0.4206472337245941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135510737","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Performance indicator","level":2,"score":0.41705724596977234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4143155813217163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.35146647691726685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3386352062225342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.3325444757938385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.31554070115089417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.21949005126953125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1911585032939911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.1246691644191742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/wcnc49053.2021.9417363","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wcnc49053.2021.9417363","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2010.05842","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2010.05842","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2010.05842","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:3092743471","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2010.05842.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2010.05842","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2010.05842","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2010.05842","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2010.05842","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2010.05842","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8683756101","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"support","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322327","funder_display_name":"Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322327","display_name":"Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse","ror":"https://ror.org/004hzzk67"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3092743471.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W192920577","https://openalex.org/W1845972764","https://openalex.org/W1931027396","https://openalex.org/W2121863487","https://openalex.org/W2131957313","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2147184971","https://openalex.org/W2166066035","https://openalex.org/W2293717792","https://openalex.org/W2514539426","https://openalex.org/W2966860555","https://openalex.org/W3011120880","https://openalex.org/W3025136494","https://openalex.org/W3093206925","https://openalex.org/W3132082557","https://openalex.org/W6640490175","https://openalex.org/W6697374303","https://openalex.org/W6725601169","https://openalex.org/W6778211651","https://openalex.org/W6784986766"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3161963243","https://openalex.org/W2918540719","https://openalex.org/W3097422301","https://openalex.org/W2939217034","https://openalex.org/W2912435597","https://openalex.org/W3023810911","https://openalex.org/W3154085257","https://openalex.org/W2945442007","https://openalex.org/W3132079348","https://openalex.org/W2007975429","https://openalex.org/W3176644937","https://openalex.org/W3159570536","https://openalex.org/W3018415979","https://openalex.org/W3033407184","https://openalex.org/W3213976271","https://openalex.org/W3152975435","https://openalex.org/W2921732122","https://openalex.org/W2845804452","https://openalex.org/W3147571573","https://openalex.org/W2792160171"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Remote":[0],"Electrical":[1],"Tilt":[2],"(RET)":[3],"optimization":[4,40,108],"is":[5,78,173],"an":[6,52,152,156],"efficient":[7],"method":[8],"for":[9,38,80,98,192],"adjusting":[10],"the":[11,29,60,74,85,92,106,111,118,163,170],"vertical":[12],"tilt":[13,123,181],"angle":[14],"of":[15,28,42,62,76,87,95,120,159,188],"Base":[16],"Stations":[17],"(BSs)":[18],"antennas":[19],"in":[20,68,110],"order":[21],"to":[22,48,132,150,175],"optimize":[23],"Key":[24],"Performance":[25],"Indicators":[26],"(KPIs)":[27],"network.":[30],"Reinforcement":[31,113],"Learning":[32,114],"(RL)":[33],"provides":[34],"a":[35,122,133,138,177,185],"powerful":[36],"framework":[37,116],"RET":[39,99,107],"because":[41],"its":[43,63],"self-learning":[44],"capabilities":[45],"and":[46,179,190],"adaptivity":[47],"environmental":[49],"changes.":[50],"However,":[51],"RL":[53,96],"agent":[54],"may":[55],"execute":[56],"unsafe":[57],"actions":[58,66],"during":[59],"course":[61],"interaction,":[64],"i.e.,":[65],"resulting":[67],"undesired":[69],"network":[70,194],"performance":[71,88,127],"degradation.":[72],"Since":[73],"reliability":[75,189],"services":[77],"critical":[79],"Mobile":[81],"Network":[82],"Operators":[83],"(MNOs),":[84],"prospect":[86],"degradation":[89],"has":[90],"prohibited":[91],"real-world":[93,193],"deployment":[94],"methods":[97],"optimization.":[100],"In":[101],"this":[102],"work,":[103],"we":[104],"model":[105],"problem":[109],"Safe":[112,143],"(SRL)":[115],"with":[117,130],"goal":[119],"learning":[121],"control":[124],"strategy":[125],"providing":[126,184],"improvement":[128],"guarantees":[129],"respect":[131],"safe":[134,164,178],"baseline.":[135,165],"We":[136],"leverage":[137],"recent":[139],"SRL":[140],"method,":[141],"namely":[142],"Policy":[144],"Improvement":[145],"through":[146],"Baseline":[147],"Bootstrapping":[148],"(SPIBB),":[149],"learn":[151,176],"improved":[153,180],"policy":[154],"from":[155],"offline":[157],"dataset":[158],"interactions":[160],"collected":[161],"by":[162],"Our":[166],"experiments":[167],"show":[168],"that":[169],"proposed":[171],"approach":[172],"able":[174],"update":[182],"policy,":[183],"higher":[186],"degree":[187],"potential":[191],"deployment.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}