{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2982340665","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wcnc.2019.8885847","title":"Impact of Hardware Impairments and Channel Aging Millimeter-Wave Heterogeneous Networks","display_name":"Impact of Hardware Impairments and Channel Aging Millimeter-Wave Heterogeneous Networks","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2982340665","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wcnc.2019.8885847","mag":"2982340665"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/wcnc.2019.8885847","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wcnc.2019.8885847","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055961126","display_name":"Anastasios Papazafeiropoulos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1841-6461"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141584323","display_name":"University of Hertfordshire","ror":"https://ror.org/0267vjk41","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141584323"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","display_name":"University of Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/036x5ad56","country_code":"LU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20039902","display_name":"Digital Curation Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/01k9d6864","country_code":"GB","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20039902"]}],"countries":["GB","LU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Anastasios Papazafeiropoulos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Communications and Intelligent Systems Research Group, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, U. K","Institute for Digital Communications (IDCOM), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K","University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Communications and Intelligent Systems Research Group, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, U. K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141584323"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Digital Communications (IDCOM), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20039902"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5055961126"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141584323","https://openalex.org/I186903577","https://openalex.org/I20039902"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"7"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10187","display_name":"Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design","score":0.989799976348877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heterogeneous-network","display_name":"Heterogeneous network","score":0.770318865776062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7297235131263733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-link","display_name":"Telecommunications link","score":0.7244472503662109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.6755008101463318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.6527316570281982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transceiver","display_name":"Transceiver","score":0.6340749859809875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.6332131624221802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/degradation","display_name":"Degradation (telecommunications)","score":0.6089327335357666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.4673108756542206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-to-noise-ratio","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","score":0.4642292857170105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extremely-high-frequency","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","score":0.4572330415248871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monte-carlo-method","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","score":0.4445807933807373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.42213284969329834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.4065066874027252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.37188148498535156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-network","display_name":"Wireless network","score":0.28560853004455566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.20722413063049316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12099528312683105}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158207573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5747224","display_name":"Heterogeneous network","level":4,"score":0.770318865776062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7297235131263733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138660444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897","display_name":"Telecommunications link","level":2,"score":0.7244472503662109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.6755008101463318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.6527316570281982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7720470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954187","display_name":"Transceiver","level":3,"score":0.6340749859809875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.6332131624221802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779679103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5251805","display_name":"Degradation (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.6089327335357666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4673108756542206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.4642292857170105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45764600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q570342","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","level":2,"score":0.4572330415248871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19499675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232207","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","level":2,"score":0.4445807933807373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.42213284969329834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.4065066874027252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.37188148498535156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.28560853004455566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.20722413063049316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12099528312683105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/wcnc.2019.8885847","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wcnc.2019.8885847","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6406921781","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/L025299/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W71969449","https://openalex.org/W1640112328","https://openalex.org/W1676355938","https://openalex.org/W1991056455","https://openalex.org/W2006166592","https://openalex.org/W2017190463","https://openalex.org/W2031858701","https://openalex.org/W2038329885","https://openalex.org/W2052190282","https://openalex.org/W2073252511","https://openalex.org/W2116334496","https://openalex.org/W2128710362","https://openalex.org/W2150166076","https://openalex.org/W2155860576","https://openalex.org/W2236682639","https://openalex.org/W2400238828","https://openalex.org/W2498783604","https://openalex.org/W2545289808","https://openalex.org/W2589064916","https://openalex.org/W2614764375","https://openalex.org/W2620953311","https://openalex.org/W2755368128","https://openalex.org/W2896004250","https://openalex.org/W2963462098","https://openalex.org/W2963766983","https://openalex.org/W2963825439","https://openalex.org/W3101630232","https://openalex.org/W3106510787","https://openalex.org/W4212953210","https://openalex.org/W4301041089","https://openalex.org/W6651911192","https://openalex.org/W6744304979","https://openalex.org/W6761170804"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2548963335","https://openalex.org/W2159941915","https://openalex.org/W1995129237","https://openalex.org/W4388081250","https://openalex.org/W2962922943","https://openalex.org/W2038093983","https://openalex.org/W2921549278","https://openalex.org/W3046102531","https://openalex.org/W3167642505","https://openalex.org/W3012344007"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Given":[0],"that":[1,103,136],"fifth":[2],"generation":[3],"(5G)":[4],"networks":[5,8],"suggest":[6],"heterogeneous":[7],"(HetNets)":[9],"design":[10,117],"and":[11,62,81,114,133],"millimeter-wave":[12],"(mmWave)":[13],"transmission":[14,83],"as":[15],"promising":[16],"technologies":[17],"to":[18,105,130],"achieve":[19],"its":[20,85,94],"vision,":[21],"we":[22,91,122,134],"consider":[23],"the":[24,35,47,51,69,72,100,107,124,127,137,144],"downlink":[25],"of":[26,37,53,71,126],"a":[27,44,140],"multi-user":[28],"multiple-input":[29],"multiple-output":[30],"(MU-MIMO)":[31],"HetNet":[32],"operating":[33],"at":[34],"region":[36],"mmWave":[38,82],"frequencies.":[39],"Actually,":[40],"by":[41],"focusing":[42],"on":[43],"realistic":[45,89],"assessment,":[46],"proposed":[48],"framework":[49],"includes":[50],"effects":[52],"channel":[54,131],"aging,":[55,132],"residual":[56],"additive":[57],"transceiver":[58],"hardware":[59],"impairments":[60],"(RATHIs),":[61],"amplified":[63],"thermal":[64],"noise":[65],"(ATN).":[66],"After":[67],"providing":[68],"definition":[70],"coverage":[73],"probability":[74],"for":[75],"this":[76,111],"novel":[77],"synergy":[78],"between":[79],"HetNets":[80],"with":[84,93],"special":[86],"characteristics":[87],"under":[88],"conditions,":[90],"proceed":[92],"derivation.":[95],"Monte":[96],"Carlo":[97],"simulations":[98],"verify":[99],"analytical":[101],"results":[102],"allow":[104],"quantify":[106],"degradation":[108,125],"obtained":[109],"in":[110,143],"new":[112],"paradigm,":[113],"provide":[115],"interesting":[116],"insights.":[118],"Hence,":[119],"among":[120],"others,":[121],"determine":[123],"system":[128],"due":[129],"demonstrate":[135],"RATHIs":[138],"play":[139],"significant":[141],"role":[142],"high":[145],"signal-to-noise":[146],"ratio":[147],"(SNR)":[148],"regime.":[149]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
