{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2982542035","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wcnc.2019.8885524","title":"An Unsupervised Learning Approach for Performance and Configuration Optimization of 4G Networks","display_name":"An Unsupervised Learning Approach for Performance and Configuration Optimization of 4G Networks","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2982542035","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wcnc.2019.8885524","mag":"2982542035"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/wcnc.2019.8885524","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wcnc.2019.8885524","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037675052","display_name":"Roger R. dos Santos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7846-0341"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120471","display_name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es","ror":"https://ror.org/02ht4fk33","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387152517","display_name":"Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico","ror":"https://ror.org/03db2by73","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141596103","https://openalex.org/I4387152517"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"R. Santos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto de Telecomunicações, Lisbon, Portugal","Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico","Instituto Superior Tecnico, Lisbon, Portugal","Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Lisbon, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Telecomunicações, Lisbon, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387152517"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto Superior Tecnico, Lisbon, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387152517"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Lisbon, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051755335","display_name":"Marco Sousa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2471-170X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800474387","display_name":"Vodafone (Portugal)","ror":"https://ror.org/00y7x8f51","country_code":"PT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800474387","https://openalex.org/I74316835"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120471","display_name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es","ror":"https://ror.org/02ht4fk33","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387152517","display_name":"Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico","ror":"https://ror.org/03db2by73","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141596103","https://openalex.org/I4387152517"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Sousa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto de Telecomunicações, Lisbon, Portugal","Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico","Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Lisbon, Portugal","CELFINET, Consultoria em Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Lda., Lisbon, Portugal","Instituto Superior Tecnico, Lisbon, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Telecomunicações, Lisbon, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387152517"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Lisbon, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"CELFINET, Consultoria em Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Lda., Lisbon, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800474387"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto Superior Tecnico, Lisbon, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387152517"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081258184","display_name":"Pedro Vieira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0279-8741"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120471","display_name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es","ror":"https://ror.org/02ht4fk33","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203847022","display_name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa","ror":"https://ror.org/04ea70f07","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203847022"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P. Vieira","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto de Telecomunicações, Lisbon, Portugal","Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Lisbon, Portugal","Instituto Superior de Engenharia Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Telecomunicações, Lisbon, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Lisbon, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto Superior de Engenharia Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203847022"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067309569","display_name":"Maria Paula Queluz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0266-4022"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387152517","display_name":"Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico","ror":"https://ror.org/03db2by73","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141596103","https://openalex.org/I4387152517"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120471","display_name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es","ror":"https://ror.org/02ht4fk33","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. P. Queluz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto de Telecomunicações, Lisbon, Portugal","Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Lisbon, Portugal","Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico","Instituto de Telecomunicacoes, Lisbon, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Telecomunicações, Lisbon, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Lisbon, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387152517"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Telecomunicacoes, Lisbon, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079526906","display_name":"Ant\u00f3nio Rodrigues","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2115-7245"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120471","display_name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es","ror":"https://ror.org/02ht4fk33","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387152517","display_name":"Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico","ror":"https://ror.org/03db2by73","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141596103","https://openalex.org/I4387152517"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Rodrigues","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto de Telecomunicações, Lisbon, Portugal","Instituto de Telecomunicacoes, Lisbon, Portugal","Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico","Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Lisbon, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Telecomunicações, Lisbon, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Telecomunicacoes, Lisbon, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387152517"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Lisbon, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5037675052"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471","https://openalex.org/I4387152517"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7154,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72141184,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10575","display_name":"Wireless Communication Networks Research","score":0.9851999878883362,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10796","display_name":"Cooperative Communication and Network Coding","score":0.9221000075340271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.7893591523170471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7584964632987976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/performance-indicator","display_name":"Performance indicator","score":0.6468383073806763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5644304752349854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5354722738265991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5300847291946411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5262274742126465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unsupervised-learning","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","score":0.5063580274581909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.47767171263694763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-performance","display_name":"Network performance","score":0.4644131362438202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cellular-network","display_name":"Cellular network","score":0.439267635345459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/performance-improvement","display_name":"Performance improvement","score":0.42863136529922485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12573149800300598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.08324113488197327}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.7893591523170471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7584964632987976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135510737","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Performance indicator","level":2,"score":0.6468383073806763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5644304752349854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5354722738265991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5300847291946411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5262274742126465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8038995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152135","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","level":2,"score":0.5063580274581909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.47767171263694763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203274722","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7001161","display_name":"Network performance","level":2,"score":0.4644131362438202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153646914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535695","display_name":"Cellular network","level":2,"score":0.439267635345459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778915421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3643177","display_name":"Performance improvement","level":2,"score":0.42863136529922485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12573149800300598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.08324113488197327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/wcnc.2019.8885524","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wcnc.2019.8885524","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W255556494","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2113586398","https://openalex.org/W2132914434","https://openalex.org/W2166481425","https://openalex.org/W2187089797","https://openalex.org/W2336136854","https://openalex.org/W2737883091","https://openalex.org/W3145004415","https://openalex.org/W4255375128","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6675354045"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2073135931","https://openalex.org/W3213295739","https://openalex.org/W2917728452","https://openalex.org/W3189314001","https://openalex.org/W2119757345","https://openalex.org/W2883830961","https://openalex.org/W2783062657","https://openalex.org/W2332935493","https://openalex.org/W2118880394","https://openalex.org/W2461081699"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Performing":[0],"an":[1,9],"efficient":[2],"management":[3],"of":[4,37,55,102,157,163],"mobile":[5],"networks":[6,15],"has":[7],"become":[8],"increasingly":[10],"difficult":[11],"task,":[12],"as":[13,189],"these":[14],"are":[16,83],"becoming":[17],"more":[18,23],"complex,":[19],"which":[20,80],"results":[21,149],"in":[22,146],"data":[24,194,197],"to":[25,52,63,78,91,105,123,205],"evaluate":[26,124],"and":[27,131,178,195],"optimize.":[28],"This":[29],"paper":[30],"is":[31,51,141,198],"focused":[32],"on":[33,99,171],"the":[34,65,70,86,93,100,116,125,128,132,147,155,158,172,175,179,183,190,210],"performance":[35,177,196],"evaluation":[36],"a":[38,96,143,206],"Long":[39],"Term":[40],"Evolution":[41],"(LTE)":[42],"network":[43],"using":[44,150],"unsupervised":[45],"learning":[46],"techniques.":[47],"The":[48],"main":[49],"objective":[50],"detect":[53],"groups":[54,66,162],"cells":[56,129,134,164,173],"that":[57,67,139],"show":[58],"similar":[59],"performances":[60],"and,":[61],"consequently,":[62],"identify":[64,79],"perform":[68],"below":[69],"desired":[71],"threshold.":[72],"Additionally,":[73],"this":[74],"work":[75],"also":[76],"aims":[77],"cell":[81,211],"configurations":[82],"associated":[84,208],"with":[85,174,209],"best":[87,176],"performance.":[88,135],"In":[89,154],"order":[90],"fulfill":[92],"first":[94],"objective,":[95,118],"methodology":[97],"based":[98],"application":[101],"clustering":[103,152],"algorithms":[104],"features":[106],"extracted":[107],"from":[108],"Key":[109],"Performance":[110],"Indicators":[111],"(KPIs)":[112],"was":[113,121,137,214],"developed.":[114],"Regarding":[115],"second":[117],"statistical":[119],"testing":[120],"applied":[122],"dependence":[126],"between":[127,192],"configuration":[130,193],"respective":[133],"It":[136],"verified":[138],"there":[140],"not":[142],"significant":[144],"difference":[145],"obtained":[148],"different":[151],"algorithms.":[153],"majority":[156],"cases,":[159],"only":[160,200],"two":[161],"were":[165],"identified:":[166],"one":[167,201],"group":[168,181],"consisting":[169],"essentially":[170],"other":[180],"containing":[182],"worst":[184],"performing":[185],"cells.":[186],"As":[187],"far":[188],"connection":[191],"concerned,":[199],"influencing":[202],"case,":[203],"referring":[204],"parameter":[207],"subscription":[212],"capacity,":[213],"detected.":[215]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}