{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2518876922","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wcnc.2016.7564909","title":"Evaluating time synchronization using application-layer time-stamping","display_name":"Evaluating time synchronization using application-layer time-stamping","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2518876922","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wcnc.2016.7564909","mag":"2518876922"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/wcnc.2016.7564909","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wcnc.2016.7564909","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2016 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027390517","display_name":"Osameh M. Al-Kofahi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0247-3552"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I85507684","display_name":"Yarmouk University","ror":"https://ror.org/004mbaj56","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I85507684"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Osameh Al-Kofahi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I85507684"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5027390517"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I85507684"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.10654844,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"37","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12216","display_name":"Network Time Synchronization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12216","display_name":"Network Time Synchronization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10933","display_name":"Real-Time Systems Scheduling","score":0.9743000268936157,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11932","display_name":"Wireless Body Area Networks","score":0.9711999893188477,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.773780107498169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.6777306795120239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synchronization","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","score":0.659856915473938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.6102935671806335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol-stack","display_name":"Protocol stack","score":0.6086676716804504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.548545241355896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clock-synchronization","display_name":"Clock synchronization","score":0.5322093367576599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/application-layer","display_name":"Application layer","score":0.45872920751571655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.45504724979400635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/millisecond","display_name":"Millisecond","score":0.44085171818733215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-synchronization","display_name":"Data synchronization","score":0.42739206552505493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clock-drift","display_name":"Clock drift","score":0.4149157404899597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.2607819736003876}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.773780107498169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.6777306795120239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778562939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1298791","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","level":3,"score":0.659856915473938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.6102935671806335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38601921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1757693","display_name":"Protocol stack","level":3,"score":0.6086676716804504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.548545241355896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129891060","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1513059","display_name":"Clock synchronization","level":4,"score":0.5322093367576599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190793597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189768","display_name":"Application layer","level":3,"score":0.45872920751571655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.45504724979400635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60327585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q723733","display_name":"Millisecond","level":2,"score":0.44085171818733215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108734733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172333","display_name":"Data synchronization","level":3,"score":0.42739206552505493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155837451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069144","display_name":"Clock drift","level":5,"score":0.4149157404899597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.2607819736003876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/wcnc.2016.7564909","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wcnc.2016.7564909","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2016 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2003231969","https://openalex.org/W2058533888","https://openalex.org/W2068867314","https://openalex.org/W2094636498","https://openalex.org/W2096716342","https://openalex.org/W2105666891","https://openalex.org/W2108174427","https://openalex.org/W2108231925","https://openalex.org/W2113612205","https://openalex.org/W2116687437","https://openalex.org/W2143229717","https://openalex.org/W2150461073","https://openalex.org/W2159744413","https://openalex.org/W2170447857","https://openalex.org/W2170715240","https://openalex.org/W2170971335","https://openalex.org/W2269579806","https://openalex.org/W2283715726","https://openalex.org/W2313451015","https://openalex.org/W2476898572","https://openalex.org/W2494606451"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2353464721","https://openalex.org/W2096966562","https://openalex.org/W4385154339","https://openalex.org/W2085922198","https://openalex.org/W2187730212","https://openalex.org/W2888912720","https://openalex.org/W2300331284","https://openalex.org/W2391098457","https://openalex.org/W2352319949","https://openalex.org/W1877316976"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Time":[0],"synchronization":[1,19,54,100,148],"is":[2,158],"an":[3],"important":[4],"topic":[5],"in":[6,12,14,21,40,66,165],"wireless":[7],"sensor":[8],"networks":[9],"(WSNs)":[10],"and":[11,119,124,141],"networking":[13],"general.":[15],"Most":[16],"of":[17,34,69,78,110,163],"the":[18,38,70,79,108,146],"algorithms":[20],"WSNs":[22,166],"are":[23],"sender-receiver":[24],"protocols":[25,46,86],"that":[26,129,142],"involve":[27],"some":[28,92],"message":[29],"exchange":[30],"between":[31],"a":[32,57,116,138,161],"pair":[33],"nodes":[35],"to":[36,52,56,73],"calculate":[37],"difference":[39],"local":[41],"clocks":[42],"(clock":[43],"drifts).":[44],"Such":[45],"rely":[47],"on":[48,91,122,135],"MAC-Layer":[49,75],"time":[50,76,99,103,112],"stamping":[51,77,104],"reduce":[53],"errors":[55],"minimum.":[58],"Although":[59],"very":[60],"accurate,":[61],"such":[62,85,155],"approaches":[63],"need":[64],"intervention":[65],"lower":[67],"layers":[68],"network":[71],"stack":[72],"enable":[74],"exchanged":[80],"packets,":[81],"which":[82,106],"makes":[83],"applying":[84],"hard":[87],"or":[88],"even":[89],"impossible":[90],"platforms.":[93],"In":[94],"this":[95],"paper,":[96],"we":[97],"study":[98],"using":[101],"application-layer":[102],"only":[105],"relieves":[107],"requirement":[109],"MAC-layer":[111],"stamping.":[113],"We":[114,153],"introduce":[115],"simple":[117],"protocol":[118],"implement":[120],"it":[121],"Arduino":[123],"XBee.":[125],"Our":[126],"results":[127],"show":[128],"sub-millisecond":[130],"accuracy":[131,156],"can":[132,144],"be":[133],"achieved":[134],"average":[136,147],"for":[137,160],"3-hop":[139],"network,":[140],"interference":[143],"increase":[145],"error":[149],"slightly":[150],"over":[151],"1ms.":[152],"believe":[154],"level":[157],"acceptable":[159],"wide-range":[162],"applications":[164],"especially.":[167]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
