{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2166345013","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wcnc.2010.5506585","title":"Hybrid TOA/AOA-Based Mobile Localization with and without Tracking in CDMA Cellular Networks","display_name":"Hybrid TOA/AOA-Based Mobile Localization with and without Tracking in CDMA Cellular Networks","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2166345013","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wcnc.2010.5506585","mag":"2166345013"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/wcnc.2010.5506585","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wcnc.2010.5506585","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2010 IEEE Wireless Communication and Networking Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013565299","display_name":"Victoria Ying Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Victoria Ying Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042601939","display_name":"Albert Kai-Sun Wong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7923-5854"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Albert Kai-sun Wong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055809969","display_name":"Kam Tim Woo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1382-2065"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kam Tim Woo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109229971","display_name":"Robin Wentao Ouyang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robin Wentao Ouyang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.2253,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88817447,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/angle-of-arrival","display_name":"Angle of arrival","score":0.7253810167312622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7246963977813721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-of-arrival","display_name":"Time of arrival","score":0.7026699185371399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-division-multiple-access","display_name":"Code division multiple access","score":0.6907581090927124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extended-kalman-filter","display_name":"Extended Kalman filter","score":0.6500009298324585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multilateration","display_name":"Multilateration","score":0.6218019723892212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.5824726819992065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kalman-filter","display_name":"Kalman filter","score":0.55058753490448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5442474484443665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.4898323714733124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trajectory","display_name":"Trajectory","score":0.4802601635456085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acceleration","display_name":"Acceleration","score":0.47602277994155884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-line-of-sight-propagation","display_name":"Non-line-of-sight propagation","score":0.47064393758773804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/taylor-series","display_name":"Taylor series","score":0.4238441288471222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3557506203651428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.1753835678100586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.16931301355361938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.16702592372894287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.15595141053199768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.07110804319381714}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13545353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4763363","display_name":"Angle of arrival","level":3,"score":0.7253810167312622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7246963977813721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163150518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4135208","display_name":"Time of arrival","level":3,"score":0.7026699185371399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47696715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q233394","display_name":"Code division multiple access","level":2,"score":0.6907581090927124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206833254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421817","display_name":"Extended Kalman filter","level":3,"score":0.6500009298324585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104037064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1640884","display_name":"Multilateration","level":3,"score":0.6218019723892212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.5824726819992065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157286648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846780","display_name":"Kalman filter","level":2,"score":0.55058753490448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5442474484443665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.4898323714733124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13662910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193139","display_name":"Trajectory","level":2,"score":0.4802601635456085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117896860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11376","display_name":"Acceleration","level":2,"score":0.47602277994155884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154910267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1740982","display_name":"Non-line-of-sight propagation","level":3,"score":0.47064393758773804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158946198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131187","display_name":"Taylor series","level":2,"score":0.4238441288471222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3557506203651428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.1753835678100586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.16931301355361938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.16702592372894287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.15595141053199768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.07110804319381714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159737794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124274","display_name":"Azimuth","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/wcnc.2010.5506585","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wcnc.2010.5506585","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2010 IEEE Wireless Communication and Networking Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.hkust.edu.hk:1783.1-16387","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://repository.hkust.edu.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-16387","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401796","display_name":"Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference paper"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W250076511","https://openalex.org/W1564808380","https://openalex.org/W1749494163","https://openalex.org/W1965392255","https://openalex.org/W1985593102","https://openalex.org/W2093511214","https://openalex.org/W2103420863","https://openalex.org/W2113065846","https://openalex.org/W2116577850","https://openalex.org/W2117825073","https://openalex.org/W2120350100","https://openalex.org/W2122301646","https://openalex.org/W2126849752","https://openalex.org/W2151026456","https://openalex.org/W2153587859","https://openalex.org/W2157414835","https://openalex.org/W2165551132"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4307018408","https://openalex.org/W2353409691","https://openalex.org/W2235572374","https://openalex.org/W2215607475","https://openalex.org/W2790388238","https://openalex.org/W4206243596","https://openalex.org/W2784460138","https://openalex.org/W2154770871","https://openalex.org/W4205492756","https://openalex.org/W2155086510"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"proposes":[2],"a":[3],"hybrid":[4],"TOA/AOA":[5,56],"(Time":[6],"of":[7,9,72,110,124],"Arrival/Angle":[8],"Arrival)-based":[10],"localization":[11,66],"algorithm":[12,21],"for":[13,32,115],"Code":[14],"Division":[15],"Multiple":[16],"Access":[17],"(CDMA)":[18],"networks.":[19],"The":[20],"extends":[22],"the":[23,54,83,94,100,111,119,125],"Taylor":[24],"Series":[25],"Least":[26],"Square":[27],"(TS-LS)":[28],"method":[29],"originally":[30],"developed":[31],"TOA-based":[33],"systems":[34],"to":[35,106],"incorporate":[36],"AOA":[37],"measurements.":[38],"In":[39],"addition,":[40],"tracking":[41,109],"algorithms":[42,81],"utilizing":[43],"velocity":[44],"and":[45,68,85,90,122],"acceleration":[46],"measurements":[47],"are":[48],"investigated.":[49],"Simulation":[50],"results":[51],"illustrate":[52],"that":[53],"proposed":[55],"TS-LS":[57],"can":[58,92],"provide":[59,107],"better":[60],"performance":[61],"than":[62,113],"conventional":[63],"schemes":[64],"in":[65,69],"accuracy":[67],"reduced":[70],"likelihood":[71],"encountering":[73],"non-convergence":[74],"problem":[75],"compared":[76],"with":[77],"TOA":[78],"TS-LS.":[79],"Tracking":[80],"using":[82],"Extended":[84],"Unscented":[86],"Kalman":[87],"Filter":[88],"(EKF":[89],"UKF)":[91],"track":[93],"objects":[95],"relatively":[96],"well,":[97],"further":[98],"decreasing":[99],"positioning":[101],"error.":[102],"UKF":[103],"is":[104],"found":[105],"closer":[108],"trajectory":[112],"EKF,":[114],"it":[116],"truly":[117],"captures":[118],"statistical":[120],"mean":[121],"variance":[123],"noises.":[126]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}