{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7160296416","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wacv61042.2026.00523","title":"ProtoGMVAE: A Variational Auto-Encoder with True Gaussian Mixture Prior for Prototypical-based Self-Explainability","display_name":"ProtoGMVAE: A Variational Auto-Encoder with True Gaussian Mixture Prior for Prototypical-based Self-Explainability","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7160296416","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wacv61042.2026.00523"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/wacv61042.2026.00523","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wacv61042.2026.00523","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2026 IEEE/CVF Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://ujm.hal.science/ujm-05634727","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107624404","display_name":"Martin Blanchard","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210085887","display_name":"Laboratoire Hubert Curien","ror":"https://ror.org/0028p8r67","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100532134","https://openalex.org/I112936343","https://openalex.org/I113428412","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I203339264","https://openalex.org/I203339264","https://openalex.org/I203339264","https://openalex.org/I203339264","https://openalex.org/I203339264","https://openalex.org/I203339264","https://openalex.org/I277688954","https://openalex.org/I4210085887","https://openalex.org/I4210091746","https://openalex.org/I4210095849","https://openalex.org/I4405259976","https://openalex.org/I4405259976","https://openalex.org/I4405263940","https://openalex.org/I48430043","https://openalex.org/I59692284"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86767153","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Jean Monnet","ror":"https://ror.org/04yznqr36","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86767153"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin Blanchard","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit&#x00E9; Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne,CNRS, Institut d Optique Graduate School, Laboratoire Hubert Curien UMR 5516,Saint-Etienne,France,F-42023"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit&#x00E9; Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne,CNRS, Institut d Optique Graduate School, Laboratoire Hubert Curien UMR 5516,Saint-Etienne,France,F-42023","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I4210085887","https://openalex.org/I86767153"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013545353","display_name":"Christophe Ducottet","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2812-1918"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210085887","display_name":"Laboratoire Hubert Curien","ror":"https://ror.org/0028p8r67","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100532134","https://openalex.org/I112936343","https://openalex.org/I113428412","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I203339264","https://openalex.org/I203339264","https://openalex.org/I203339264","https://openalex.org/I203339264","https://openalex.org/I203339264","https://openalex.org/I203339264","https://openalex.org/I277688954","https://openalex.org/I4210085887","https://openalex.org/I4210091746","https://openalex.org/I4210095849","https://openalex.org/I4405259976","https://openalex.org/I4405259976","https://openalex.org/I4405263940","https://openalex.org/I48430043","https://openalex.org/I59692284"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86767153","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Jean Monnet","ror":"https://ror.org/04yznqr36","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86767153"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christophe Ducottet","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit&#x00E9; Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne,CNRS, Institut d Optique Graduate School, Laboratoire Hubert Curien UMR 5516,Saint-Etienne,France,F-42023"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit&#x00E9; Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne,CNRS, Institut d Optique Graduate School, Laboratoire Hubert Curien UMR 5516,Saint-Etienne,France,F-42023","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I4210085887","https://openalex.org/I86767153"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025451778","display_name":"Damien Muselet","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100283","display_name":"Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Ing\u00e9nieur, de l'Informatique et de l'Imagerie","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4e5n71","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1326498283","https://openalex.org/I2801509770","https://openalex.org/I4210095849","https://openalex.org/I4210100283","https://openalex.org/I4210159245","https://openalex.org/I68947357"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78744979","display_name":"La Rochelle Universit\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/04mv1z119","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78744979"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Damien Muselet","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit&#x00E9; de La Rochelle,Laboratoire Informatique Image Interaction (L3i),France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit&#x00E9; de La Rochelle,Laboratoire Informatique Image Interaction (L3i),France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100283","https://openalex.org/I78744979"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003514981","display_name":"Olivier Del\u00e9zay","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8308-6975"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154526488","display_name":"Inserm","ror":"https://ror.org/02vjkv261","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154526488"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86767153","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Jean Monnet","ror":"https://ror.org/04yznqr36","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86767153"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Olivier Del\u00e9zay","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit&#x00E9; Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne,Laboratoire SAINBIOSE, INSERM UMR,France,1059"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit&#x00E9; Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne,Laboratoire SAINBIOSE, INSERM UMR,France,1059","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154526488","https://openalex.org/I86767153"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.45762847,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"5396","last_page":"5405"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.6244000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.6244000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.05849999934434891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.04100000113248825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian","display_name":"Gaussian","score":0.39489999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mixture-model","display_name":"Mixture model","score":0.3817000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian-process","display_name":"Gaussian process","score":0.3296999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.3009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.2897000014781952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prior-probability","display_name":"Prior probability","score":0.28859999775886536}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.487199991941452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28826006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33521","display_name":"Applied mathematics","level":1,"score":0.4643999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.39489999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61224824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2260434","display_name":"Mixture model","level":2,"score":0.3817000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3384000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61326573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1496376","display_name":"Gaussian process","level":3,"score":0.3296999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.32109999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.3009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121864883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916","display_name":"Statistical physics","level":1,"score":0.290800005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.2897000014781952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177769412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q278090","display_name":"Prior probability","level":3,"score":0.28859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167928553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1376021","display_name":"Estimation theory","level":2,"score":0.2842999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.2775000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.26489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.2581999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2565999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64618476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q164296","display_name":"Variational method","level":2,"score":0.2533999979496002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.25209999084472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129844170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41299","display_name":"Quadratic equation","level":2,"score":0.250900000333786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4199805","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2725903","display_name":"Gaussian noise","level":2,"score":0.25049999356269836}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/wacv61042.2026.00523","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wacv61042.2026.00523","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2026 IEEE/CVF Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:ujm-05634727v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ujm.hal.science/ujm-05634727","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","host_organization_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE/CVF Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision, Mar 2026, Tucson (Arizona ), United States. pp.5396-5405, &#x27E8;10.1109/WACV61042.2026.00523&#x27E9;","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:ujm-05634727v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ujm.hal.science/ujm-05634727","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","host_organization_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE/CVF Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision, Mar 2026, Tucson (Arizona ), United States. pp.5396-5405, &#x27E8;10.1109/WACV61042.2026.00523&#x27E9;","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.4004075825214386}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2001610032","https://openalex.org/W2084701050","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2162531249","https://openalex.org/W2295107390","https://openalex.org/W2498056627","https://openalex.org/W2516809705","https://openalex.org/W2765813195","https://openalex.org/W2945976633","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W3011163557","https://openalex.org/W3167738759","https://openalex.org/W3172917901","https://openalex.org/W3197368102","https://openalex.org/W3202988816","https://openalex.org/W3208260947","https://openalex.org/W3215928733","https://openalex.org/W4313194958","https://openalex.org/W4390874420","https://openalex.org/W4393147275","https://openalex.org/W4394597823","https://openalex.org/W7133221991"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recently,":[0],"significant":[1],"efforts":[2],"were":[3],"made":[4],"towards":[5],"Variational":[6],"Autoencoder":[7],"(VAE)":[8],"-based":[9],"prototypical":[10],"Self":[11],"Explainable":[12],"Models":[13],"(SEM)":[14],"for":[15],"image":[16,32],"classification.":[17],"The":[18],"principle":[19],"is":[20,89],"to":[21,35,47,60,74,104,120],"learn":[22],"class-specific":[23],"prototypes":[24,77,109,119],"that":[25,88,100],"can":[26],"be":[27],"projected":[28],"back":[29],"into":[30],"the":[31,36,50,56,76,79,93,115],"space":[33,58],"thanks":[34],"decoding":[37],"branch":[38],"of":[39,52,81,85,92,95,114],"a":[40,82,111,121],"VAE.":[41],"However,":[42],"existing":[43],"VAE-based":[44],"SEM":[45],"fail":[46],"represent":[48],"properly":[49],"distribution":[51,94],"training":[53,96],"samples":[54],"in":[55],"embedding":[57],"requiring":[59],"define":[61,75],"specific":[62,122],"additional":[63],"constraints":[64],"as":[65,78],"diversity":[66],"or":[67],"orthogonality.":[68],"In":[69],"this":[70,101],"work,":[71],"we":[72],"propose":[73],"components":[80],"Gaussian":[83],"Mixture":[84],"VAE":[86],"(GMVAE)":[87],"an":[90],"approximation":[91],"samples.":[97],"We":[98,124],"show":[99],"definition":[102,127],"allows":[103],"produce":[105],"relevant":[106],"and":[107,131],"diverse":[108],"providing":[110],"probabilistic":[112],"explanation":[113],"model":[116],"without":[117],"assigning":[118],"class.":[123],"support":[125],"our":[126],"with":[128,133],"extensive":[129],"experimentation":[130],"comparison":[132],"previous":[134],"self-explainable":[135],"approaches.":[136]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2026-05-06T00:00:00"}
