{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7160259771","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wacv61042.2026.00160","title":"Cosine Similarity is Almost All You Need (for Prototypical-Part Models)","display_name":"Cosine Similarity is Almost All You Need (for Prototypical-Part Models)","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7160259771","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wacv61042.2026.00160"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/wacv61042.2026.00160","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wacv61042.2026.00160","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2026 IEEE/CVF Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5094191203","display_name":"Luke Moffett","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2677-0014"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luke Moffett","raw_affiliation_strings":["Duke University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Duke University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135295562","display_name":"Frank Willard","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frank Willard","raw_affiliation_strings":["Duke University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Duke University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015417361","display_name":"Maximillian Machado","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maximillian Machado","raw_affiliation_strings":["Duke University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Duke University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135410310","display_name":"Emmanuel Mokel","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emmanuel Mokel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Duke University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Duke University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112257525","display_name":"Jon Donnelly","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jon Donnelly","raw_affiliation_strings":["Duke University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Duke University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135395276","display_name":"Zhicheng Guo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhicheng Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Duke University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Duke University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135360731","display_name":"Adam Costarino","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adam Costarino","raw_affiliation_strings":["Duke University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Duke University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103362374","display_name":"Julia Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julia Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Duke University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Duke University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038619536","display_name":"G Kim","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giyoung Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Duke University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Duke University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004403692","display_name":"Alina Jade Barnett","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8247-4725"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17626003","display_name":"University of Rhode Island","ror":"https://ror.org/013ckk937","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17626003"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alina Jade Barnett","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Rhode Island"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Rhode Island","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17626003"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135384440","display_name":"Cynthia Rudin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cynthia Rudin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Duke University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Duke University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":24.1469,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99304751,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1586","last_page":"1596"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10719","display_name":"3D Shape Modeling and Analysis","score":0.01810000091791153,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10719","display_name":"3D Shape Modeling and Analysis","score":0.01810000091791153,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11159","display_name":"Manufacturing Process and Optimization","score":0.01720000058412552,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12417","display_name":"Morphological variations and asymmetry","score":0.016699999570846558,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2608","display_name":"Geometry and Topology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cosine-similarity","display_name":"Cosine similarity","score":0.38670000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","score":0.3677999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.35190001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequence","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","score":0.2867000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trigonometric-functions","display_name":"Trigonometric functions","score":0.2849000096321106}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.48429998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4731999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4115000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780762811","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1784941","display_name":"Cosine similarity","level":3,"score":0.38670000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.3677999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.35190001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3174999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778112365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3511065","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","level":2,"score":0.2867000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178009071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q93344","display_name":"Trigonometric functions","level":2,"score":0.2849000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.27619999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2221639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2877","display_name":"Discrete cosine transform","level":3,"score":0.26669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.2506999969482422}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/wacv61042.2026.00160","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wacv61042.2026.00160","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2026 IEEE/CVF Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337388","display_name":"Division of Computer and Network Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/02rdzmk74"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1492553164","https://openalex.org/W1672197616","https://openalex.org/W1787224781","https://openalex.org/W2078894942","https://openalex.org/W2098006457","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2165533158","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2594833348","https://openalex.org/W2765813195","https://openalex.org/W2797977484","https://openalex.org/W2945976633","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2969985801","https://openalex.org/W3088826108","https://openalex.org/W3167738759","https://openalex.org/W3171007011","https://openalex.org/W3172917901","https://openalex.org/W3179950556","https://openalex.org/W3202988816","https://openalex.org/W3215928733","https://openalex.org/W4200254023","https://openalex.org/W4214689175","https://openalex.org/W4280612849","https://openalex.org/W4313194958","https://openalex.org/W4319300579","https://openalex.org/W4379767401","https://openalex.org/W4386065251","https://openalex.org/W4390872821","https://openalex.org/W4390874420","https://openalex.org/W4392688329","https://openalex.org/W4393148519","https://openalex.org/W4394890790","https://openalex.org/W4398237275","https://openalex.org/W4402916428","https://openalex.org/W7133194148","https://openalex.org/W7133221991"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Prototypical-part":[0],"networks":[1],"are":[2,32,130],"a":[3,45,137],"popular":[4],"interpretable":[5],"alternative":[6],"to":[7,28,35,40,67,73,92],"black-box":[8],"deep":[9],"learning":[10],"models":[11,122],"for":[12,95],"computer":[13],"vision":[14],"because":[15,30,42],"of":[16,48],"their":[17],"faithful,":[18],"prototype-based":[19],"self-explanations.":[20],"However,":[21],"in":[22,60,136],"practice,":[23],"they":[24,31,43],"have":[25],"proven":[26],"difficult":[27,39],"train":[29],"highly":[33],"sensitive":[34],"hyperparameter":[36,68],"tuning":[37],"and":[38,70,76,84,105,129],"comprehend":[41],"contain":[44],"large":[46],"number":[47],"prototypes.":[49],"We":[50,86],"show":[51,88],"that":[52],"replacing":[53],"\u21132distance":[54],"with":[55,79,111],"an":[56],"angular":[57],"prototype":[58,126],"similarity":[59,90,113],"the":[61],"original":[62],"ProtoPNet":[63,98,110],"greatly":[64],"improves":[65],"robustness":[66],"selection":[69],"is":[71],"sufficient":[72],"produce":[74],"accuracy":[75,94],"sparsity":[77],"competitive":[78],"state-of-the-art":[80],"on":[81,125],"many":[82],"backbones":[83],"datasets.":[85],"also":[87],"cosine":[89,112,121],"leads":[91],"superior":[93],"five":[96],"different":[97],"architectures":[99],"(ProtoPNet,":[100],"TesNet,":[101],"Deformable":[102],"ProtoPNet,":[103],"ProtoTree,":[104],"ST-ProtoPNet).":[106],"Finally,":[107],"we":[108],"demonstrate":[109],"produces":[114],"better":[115,124],"semantics":[116],"than":[117],"\u21132:":[118],"prototypes":[119],"from":[120],"score":[123],"quality":[127],"metrics":[128],"perceived":[131],"as":[132],"more":[133],"similar":[134],"3:2":[135],"user":[138],"study.1":[139]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2026-05-06T00:00:00"}