{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2090723384","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wacv.2014.6836079","title":"Learning local image descriptors using binary decision trees","display_name":"Learning local image descriptors using binary decision trees","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2090723384","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wacv.2014.6836079","mag":"2090723384"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/wacv.2014.6836079","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wacv.2014.6836079","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918690","display_name":"IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision","issn_l":"2472-6737","issn":["2472-6737"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049170171","display_name":"Juha Ylioinas","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Juha Ylioinas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Machine Vision Research, University of Oulu","Center For Machine Vision Research, University of Oulu, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Machine Vision Research, University of Oulu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center For Machine Vision Research, University of Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057931031","display_name":"Juho Kannala","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5088-4041"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juho Kannala","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Machine Vision Research, University of Oulu","Center For Machine Vision Research, University of Oulu, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Machine Vision Research, University of Oulu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center For Machine Vision Research, University of Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013928164","display_name":"Abdenour Hadid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9092-735X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdenour Hadid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Machine Vision Research, University of Oulu","Center For Machine Vision Research, University of Oulu, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Machine Vision Research, University of Oulu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center For Machine Vision Research, University of Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014611768","display_name":"Matti Pietik\u00e4inen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2263-6731"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matti Pietikainen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Machine Vision Research, University of Oulu","Center For Machine Vision Research, University of Oulu, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Machine Vision Research, University of Oulu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center For Machine Vision Research, University of Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5049170171"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5111,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.64989733,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":null,"first_page":"347","last_page":"354"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.758399486541748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6770623326301575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.6691462993621826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6525506973266602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/local-binary-patterns","display_name":"Local binary patterns","score":0.629479706287384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/categorization","display_name":"Categorization","score":0.6142669916152954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5492673516273499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.5273317098617554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contextual-image-classification","display_name":"Contextual image classification","score":0.5151726007461548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.47515082359313965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4748958647251129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.4627184271812439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-tree","display_name":"Decision tree","score":0.4591722786426544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-decision-diagram","display_name":"Binary decision diagram","score":0.4175006151199341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2186640202999115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram","display_name":"Histogram","score":0.14334383606910706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.06528756022453308}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.758399486541748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6770623326301575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.6691462993621826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6525506973266602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87335442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2494345","display_name":"Local binary patterns","level":4,"score":0.629479706287384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94124525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912550","display_name":"Categorization","level":2,"score":0.6142669916152954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5492673516273499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5273317098617554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.5151726007461548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.47515082359313965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4748958647251129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.4627184271812439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831366","display_name":"Decision tree","level":2,"score":0.4591722786426544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3309909","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864155","display_name":"Binary decision diagram","level":2,"score":0.4175006151199341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2186640202999115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.14334383606910706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.06528756022453308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/wacv.2014.6836079","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wacv.2014.6836079","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918690","display_name":"IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision","issn_l":"2472-6737","issn":["2472-6737"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.703.2566","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.703.2566","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.ee.oulu.fi/%7Ejkannala/publications/wacv2014.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W16018159","https://openalex.org/W61677869","https://openalex.org/W104847522","https://openalex.org/W137456267","https://openalex.org/W1502160187","https://openalex.org/W1516748092","https://openalex.org/W1607979445","https://openalex.org/W1971616954","https://openalex.org/W1992047056","https://openalex.org/W2000123870","https://openalex.org/W2019085623","https://openalex.org/W2073317724","https://openalex.org/W2100588357","https://openalex.org/W2117228865","https://openalex.org/W2124386111","https://openalex.org/W2136517206","https://openalex.org/W2144896233","https://openalex.org/W2153786187","https://openalex.org/W2160978182","https://openalex.org/W2163352848","https://openalex.org/W2164878725","https://openalex.org/W4293768955","https://openalex.org/W6600645488","https://openalex.org/W6602567337","https://openalex.org/W6630005630","https://openalex.org/W6636492697","https://openalex.org/W6639028242","https://openalex.org/W6680060416","https://openalex.org/W6682814922"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2055219403","https://openalex.org/W2165912799","https://openalex.org/W2791313072","https://openalex.org/W3166997759","https://openalex.org/W2735662278","https://openalex.org/W2382615723","https://openalex.org/W2794489335","https://openalex.org/W4311804456","https://openalex.org/W1987484445","https://openalex.org/W2074219825"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper":[2],"we":[3],"propose":[4],"a":[5,33,56],"unified":[6],"framework":[7,40,72,94],"for":[8],"learning":[9,89,102],"such":[10,47],"local":[11],"image":[12,37],"descriptors":[13,22,115],"that":[14,107],"describe":[15],"pixel":[16],"neighborhoods":[17],"using":[18,25,95],"binary":[19,26,45],"codes.":[20],"The":[21,104],"are":[23,30],"constructed":[24],"decision":[27],"trees":[28],"which":[29,63],"learnt":[31],"from":[32,127],"set":[34],"of":[35,98],"training":[36,79],"patches.":[38],"Our":[39],"generalizes":[41],"several":[42],"previously":[43,67],"proposed":[44,71],"descriptors,":[46],"as":[48],"BRIEF,":[49],"LBP":[50],"and":[51,54,81,87,123],"their":[52],"variants,":[53],"provides":[55],"principled":[57],"way":[58],"to":[59,84,113],"learn":[60],"new":[61],"constructions":[62,110],"have":[64],"not":[65],"been":[66],"studied.":[68],"Further,":[69],"the":[70,101],"can":[73],"utilize":[74],"both":[75,85],"labeled":[76],"or":[77],"unlabeled":[78],"data,":[80],"hence":[82],"fits":[83],"supervised":[86],"unsupervised":[88],"scenarios.":[90],"We":[91],"evaluate":[92],"our":[93,108],"varying":[96],"levels":[97],"supervision":[99],"in":[100,116],"phase.":[103],"experiments":[105],"show":[106],"descriptor":[109],"perform":[111],"comparably":[112],"benchmark":[114],"two":[117],"different":[118],"applications,":[119],"namely":[120],"texture":[121],"categorization":[122],"age":[124],"group":[125],"classification":[126],"facial":[128],"images.":[129]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
