{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2121437573","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wacv.2014.6836034","title":"Unsupervised Non-parametric Geospatial Modeling from Ground Imagery","display_name":"Unsupervised Non-parametric Geospatial Modeling from Ground Imagery","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2121437573","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wacv.2014.6836034","mag":"2121437573"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/wacv.2014.6836034","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wacv.2014.6836034","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918690","display_name":"IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision","issn_l":"2472-6737","issn":["2472-6737"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033162174","display_name":"Nathan Frey","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210157070","display_name":"Systems and Technology Research (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/055he9s77","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210157070"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nathan Frey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Systems & Technology Research, Woburn, MA","Systems & Technology Research, Woburn, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Systems & Technology Research, Woburn, MA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210157070"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Systems & Technology Research, Woburn, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210157070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085020955","display_name":"Antonio Torralba","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4915-0256"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110987","display_name":"IIT@MIT","ror":"https://ror.org/01wp8zh54","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I30771326","https://openalex.org/I4210110987"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405258931","display_name":"MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01e85r662","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405258931","https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antonio Torralba","raw_affiliation_strings":["MIT, CSAIL, Cambridge, MA","MIT CSAIL,Cambridge,MA,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIT, CSAIL, Cambridge, MA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110987"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIT CSAIL,Cambridge,MA,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405258931"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051875143","display_name":"Christopher Stauffer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101413","display_name":"Visionary Pharmaceuticals (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01zb9kf14","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210101413"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher Stauffer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Visionary Systems & Research, Framingham, MA","Visionary Systems & Research, Framingham, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Visionary Systems & Research, Framingham, MA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101413"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Visionary Systems & Research, Framingham, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101413"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.1798,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.48985601,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"698","last_page":"705"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13282","display_name":"Automated Road and Building Extraction","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geospatial-analysis","display_name":"Geospatial analysis","score":0.761233925819397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.6218822598457336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5222324132919312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonparametric-statistics","display_name":"Nonparametric statistics","score":0.5215951204299927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.4891281723976135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.482048362493515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zoning","display_name":"Zoning","score":0.4782120883464813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topic-model","display_name":"Topic model","score":0.451728492975235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-ecology","display_name":"Spatial ecology","score":0.44302335381507874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multivariate-statistics","display_name":"Multivariate statistics","score":0.42561689019203186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/3d-city-models","display_name":"3D city models","score":0.4153202772140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.36209338903427124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3341313898563385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.308157742023468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.26006102561950684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.24468806385993958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.19944575428962708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1452358365058899}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9770341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Geospatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.761233925819397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.6218822598457336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5222324132919312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102366305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1097688","display_name":"Nonparametric statistics","level":2,"score":0.5215951204299927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.4891281723976135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.482048362493515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520944541","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q702232","display_name":"Zoning","level":2,"score":0.4782120883464813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171686336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3532085","display_name":"Topic model","level":2,"score":0.451728492975235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158709400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3578586","display_name":"Spatial ecology","level":2,"score":0.44302335381507874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161584116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1952580","display_name":"Multivariate statistics","level":2,"score":0.42561689019203186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778597888","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172169","display_name":"3D city models","level":3,"score":0.4153202772140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.36209338903427124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3341313898563385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.308157742023468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.26006102561950684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.24468806385993958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.19944575428962708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1452358365058899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/wacv.2014.6836034","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wacv.2014.6836034","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918690","display_name":"IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision","issn_l":"2472-6737","issn":["2472-6737"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.7300000190734863}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1883248133","https://openalex.org/W2017814585","https://openalex.org/W2052202194","https://openalex.org/W2055132753","https://openalex.org/W2070148066","https://openalex.org/W2079393151","https://openalex.org/W2085554865","https://openalex.org/W2103163130","https://openalex.org/W2103653062","https://openalex.org/W2144990732","https://openalex.org/W2160398734","https://openalex.org/W2544953446"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3121717315","https://openalex.org/W263325194","https://openalex.org/W4285335834","https://openalex.org/W2205807669","https://openalex.org/W4387007449","https://openalex.org/W4205932328","https://openalex.org/W4206374577","https://openalex.org/W4241357287","https://openalex.org/W4205935056","https://openalex.org/W621863970"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Densely":[0],"and":[1,176],"regularly":[2,85],"sampled":[3,86],"ground-level":[4,90],"imagery":[5,73],"collected":[6],"from":[7],"semi-automated":[8],"vehicle":[9],"collection":[10],"platforms":[11],"(e.g.":[12,37,105],"Street":[13],"ViewTMor":[14],"EarthMineTM)":[15],"is":[16],"rapidly":[17],"becoming":[18],"available":[19],"on":[20],"a":[21,43,75,83,95],"global":[22,76],"scale.":[23,77],"Ground":[24],"level":[25],"views":[26],"of":[27,64,88,99,103,121,125,158],"neighborhoods":[28],"around":[29],"the":[30,56,100,156,170,173,177],"world":[31],"can":[32,149],"provide":[33],"unique":[34],"regional":[35,146,163],"indicators":[36],"demographics,":[38],"zoning,":[39],"socioeconomic":[40],"health)":[41],"at":[42,74,165],"finer":[44],"resolution":[45],"than":[46],"current":[47],"census":[48],"data.":[49],"To":[50],"this":[51,53,159],"end,":[52],"paper":[54],"introduces":[55],"first":[57],"unsupervised":[58],"method":[59,160],"for":[60,152,161],"automated":[61],"hierarchical":[62],"modeling":[63],"high-level":[65],"latent":[66,101,132],"regions":[67],"using":[68],"densely":[69],"sampled,":[70],"geotagged":[71],"ground":[72],"Our":[78],"unsupervised,":[79],"nonparametric":[80],"approach":[81],"models":[82],"multi-scale":[84],"grid":[87],"panoramic":[89],"images":[91],"(where":[92],"available),":[93],"producing":[94],"multi-scale,":[96],"multivariate":[97],"estimate":[98],"types":[102,117,123,134],"locations":[104,140],"commercial":[106],"street,":[107,114],"wooded":[108],"area,":[109,172],"park,":[110],"country":[111],"road,":[112],"suburban":[113],"etc.).":[115],"Region":[116],"are":[118,135],"model":[119],"distributions":[120,164],"location":[122],"characteristic":[124],"particular":[126],"neighborhoods,":[127],"towns,":[128],"or":[129],"cities.":[130],"These":[131],"region":[133],"used":[136,151],"to":[137],"cluster":[138],"all":[139],"into":[141],"distinct":[142],"geographic":[143],"entities":[144],"with":[145],"signatures":[147],"that":[148],"be":[150],"comparison.":[153],"We":[154],"show":[155],"effectiveness":[157],"discovering":[162],"vastly":[166],"different":[167],"scales,":[168],"including":[169],"Boston":[171],"United":[174],"States,":[175],"World.":[178]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
