{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2076246764","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wacv.2014.6835994","title":"Comparison of face detection and image classification for detecting front seat passengers in vehicles","display_name":"Comparison of face detection and image classification for detecting front seat passengers in vehicles","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2076246764","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wacv.2014.6835994","mag":"2076246764"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/wacv.2014.6835994","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wacv.2014.6835994","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918690","display_name":"IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision","issn_l":"2472-6737","issn":["2472-6737"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038884712","display_name":"Yusuf Artan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173498003","display_name":"Palo Alto Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0529fxt39","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173498003","https://openalex.org/I4210132870"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yusuf Artan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xerox Research Center, Webster, NY","Xerox Research Center, Webster, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xerox Research Center, Webster, NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173498003"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xerox Research Center, Webster, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173498003"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087761177","display_name":"P. Victer Paul","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9607-1409"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173498003","display_name":"Palo Alto Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0529fxt39","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173498003","https://openalex.org/I4210132870"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Paul","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xerox Research Center, Webster, NY","Xerox Research Center, Webster, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xerox Research Center, Webster, NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173498003"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xerox Research Center, Webster, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173498003"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015661321","display_name":"Florent Perronin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33976269","display_name":"Xerox (France)","ror":"https://ror.org/033q0mv79","country_code":"FR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33976269","https://openalex.org/I4210132870"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Florent Perronin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xerox Research Center, Europe, France","[Xerox Research Center, Europe, France]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xerox Research Center, Europe, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33976269"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Xerox Research Center, Europe, France]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33976269"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033026764","display_name":"Aaron Burry","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173498003","display_name":"Palo Alto Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0529fxt39","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173498003","https://openalex.org/I4210132870"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aaron Burry","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xerox Research Center, Webster, NY","Xerox Research Center, Webster, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xerox Research Center, Webster, NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173498003"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xerox Research Center, Webster, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173498003"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7665,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72792608,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.6349056959152222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.6232978105545044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5844504833221436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5664570331573486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-detection","display_name":"Face detection","score":0.5238571166992188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/front","display_name":"Front (military)","score":0.5031768679618835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.3840576708316803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.2989211082458496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.23078855872154236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.05717518925666809}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6349056959152222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.6232978105545044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5844504833221436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5664570331573486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4641261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11681085","display_name":"Face detection","level":4,"score":0.5238571166992188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777551076","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q842332","display_name":"Front (military)","level":2,"score":0.5031768679618835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.3840576708316803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.2989211082458496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.23078855872154236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.05717518925666809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/wacv.2014.6835994","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wacv.2014.6835994","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918690","display_name":"IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision","issn_l":"2472-6737","issn":["2472-6737"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.49000000953674316}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1606858007","https://openalex.org/W1625255723","https://openalex.org/W1964768975","https://openalex.org/W1984309565","https://openalex.org/W2047508432","https://openalex.org/W2088866137","https://openalex.org/W2099378055","https://openalex.org/W2127279985","https://openalex.org/W2131846894","https://openalex.org/W2147238549","https://openalex.org/W2151103935","https://openalex.org/W2161969291","https://openalex.org/W2166473218","https://openalex.org/W2168356304","https://openalex.org/W2248911662","https://openalex.org/W2739698496","https://openalex.org/W2885151705","https://openalex.org/W6646421020","https://openalex.org/W6662335928","https://openalex.org/W6684116732","https://openalex.org/W6684705394","https://openalex.org/W6741565869","https://openalex.org/W6753257613","https://openalex.org/W6818868544"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2607108626","https://openalex.org/W2532573070","https://openalex.org/W2003685048","https://openalex.org/W1560697087","https://openalex.org/W269042006","https://openalex.org/W1589930024","https://openalex.org/W1989039360","https://openalex.org/W1548715306","https://openalex.org/W2545171730","https://openalex.org/W2146295394"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Due":[0],"to":[1,25,52,64,89,102,157,191],"the":[2,32,107,136,193,202],"high":[3],"volume":[4],"of":[5,31,34,73,97,121,179],"traffic":[6],"on":[7,184],"modern":[8],"roadways,":[9],"transportation":[10],"agencies":[11],"have":[12,66],"proposed":[13],"High":[14,20],"Occupancy":[15,21],"Vehicle":[16],"(HOV)":[17],"lanes":[18,24,36],"and":[19,58,173,188],"Tolling":[22],"(HOT)":[23],"promote":[26],"car":[27],"pooling.":[28],"However,":[29],"enforcement":[30,42,49,71],"rules":[33],"these":[35,196],"is":[37,50,81,101,112,155,189,199,206],"currently":[38],"performed":[39],"by":[40],"roadside":[41,48],"officers":[43],"using":[44,127,170],"visual":[45],"observation.":[46],"Manual":[47],"known":[51],"be":[53],"inefficient,":[54],"costly,":[55],"potentially":[56],"dangerous,":[57],"ultimately":[59],"ineffective.":[60],"Violation":[61],"rates":[62,72],"up":[63],"50%\u201380%":[65],"been":[67],"reported,":[68],"while":[69],"manual":[70],"less":[74],"than":[75],"10%":[76],"are":[77],"typical.":[78],"Therefore,":[79],"there":[80],"a":[82,128,144,185],"need":[83],"for":[84,208],"automated":[85],"vehicle":[86,99,123],"occupancy":[87,100,126],"detection":[88,152],"support":[90],"HOV/HOT":[91],"lane":[92],"enforcement.":[93],"A":[94,177],"key":[95],"component":[96],"determining":[98,122],"determine":[103],"whether":[104],"or":[105],"not":[106],"vehicle's":[108,137],"front":[109,124,138],"passenger":[110],"seat":[111,125],"occupied.":[113],"In":[114],"this":[115,209],"paper,":[116],"we":[117],"examine":[118],"two":[119],"methods":[120],"near":[129],"infrared":[130],"(NIR)":[131],"camera":[132],"system":[133,153],"pointed":[134],"at":[135],"windshield.":[139],"The":[140,160],"first":[141],"method":[142,162],"examines":[143,163],"state-of-the-art":[145,164],"deformable":[146],"part":[147],"model":[148],"(DPM)":[149],"based":[150,167],"face":[151],"that":[154,201],"robust":[156],"facial":[158],"pose.":[159],"second":[161],"local":[165],"aggregation":[166],"image":[168,203],"classification":[169,204],"bag-of-visual-words":[171],"(BOW)":[172],"Fisher":[174],"vectors":[175],"(FV).":[176],"dataset":[178],"3000":[180],"images":[181],"was":[182],"collected":[183],"public":[186],"roadway":[187],"used":[190],"perform":[192],"comparison.":[194],"From":[195],"experiments":[197],"it":[198],"clear":[200],"approach":[205],"superior":[207],"problem.":[210]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}