{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2132358038","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wacv.2014.6835992","title":"The effectiveness of face detection algorithms in unconstrained crowd scenes","display_name":"The effectiveness of face detection algorithms in unconstrained crowd scenes","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2132358038","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wacv.2014.6835992","mag":"2132358038"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/wacv.2014.6835992","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wacv.2014.6835992","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918690","display_name":"IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision","issn_l":"2472-6737","issn":["2472-6737"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033361852","display_name":"Jeremiah Barr","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7304-5830"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107639228","display_name":"University of Notre Dame","ror":"https://ror.org/00mkhxb43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeremiah R. Barr","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, IN 46656 USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, IN 46656 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019673624","display_name":"Kevin W. Bowyer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7562-4390"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107639228","display_name":"University of Notre Dame","ror":"https://ror.org/00mkhxb43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kevin W. Bowyer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, IN 46656 USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, IN 46656 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039987576","display_name":"Patrick J. Flynn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5446-114X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107639228","display_name":"University of Notre Dame","ror":"https://ror.org/00mkhxb43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrick J. Flynn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, IN 46656 USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, IN 46656 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4324,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88585001,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1020","last_page":"1027"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7538179159164429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.7406765818595886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"Biometrics","score":0.6146196722984314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5883187055587769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.5199674367904663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.5001316070556641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crowds","display_name":"Crowds","score":0.495748370885849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.47605061531066895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-detection","display_name":"Face detection","score":0.4725855588912964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.44330504536628723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law-enforcement","display_name":"Law enforcement","score":0.41689029335975647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.36852020025253296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.27673274278640747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.1428251564502716}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7538179159164429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.7406765818595886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.6146196722984314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5883187055587769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.5199674367904663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.5001316070556641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777852691","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13430821","display_name":"Crowds","level":2,"score":0.495748370885849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.47605061531066895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4641261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11681085","display_name":"Face detection","level":4,"score":0.4725855588912964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.44330504536628723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780262971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44554","display_name":"Law enforcement","level":2,"score":0.41689029335975647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.36852020025253296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.27673274278640747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.1428251564502716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/wacv.2014.6835992","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wacv.2014.6835992","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918690","display_name":"IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision","issn_l":"2472-6737","issn":["2472-6737"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.477.3150","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.477.3150","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://conradsanderson.id.au/reading_group/Barr_Effectiveness_Face_WACV_2014.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.800000011920929,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W28412257","https://openalex.org/W182571476","https://openalex.org/W1499946108","https://openalex.org/W1520956363","https://openalex.org/W1532425025","https://openalex.org/W1555563476","https://openalex.org/W1988790447","https://openalex.org/W1994215930","https://openalex.org/W2047508432","https://openalex.org/W2069255443","https://openalex.org/W2071399526","https://openalex.org/W2091571181","https://openalex.org/W2105628930","https://openalex.org/W2115812588","https://openalex.org/W2121601095","https://openalex.org/W2122044381","https://openalex.org/W2125277152","https://openalex.org/W2137014120","https://openalex.org/W2141129816","https://openalex.org/W2155511848","https://openalex.org/W2156539399","https://openalex.org/W2158275940","https://openalex.org/W2164598857","https://openalex.org/W2168572310","https://openalex.org/W2169696215","https://openalex.org/W2187260637","https://openalex.org/W2739698496","https://openalex.org/W4236650872","https://openalex.org/W4248437541","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6607458078","https://openalex.org/W6629879319","https://openalex.org/W6633210108","https://openalex.org/W6649023448","https://openalex.org/W6662335928","https://openalex.org/W6678330678","https://openalex.org/W6678494552","https://openalex.org/W6680550384","https://openalex.org/W6682736280","https://openalex.org/W6685213612","https://openalex.org/W6687034445","https://openalex.org/W6741565869"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4240200267","https://openalex.org/W2336272890","https://openalex.org/W4308999381","https://openalex.org/W3183843611","https://openalex.org/W4312238398","https://openalex.org/W3211418293","https://openalex.org/W4308999963","https://openalex.org/W4285815683","https://openalex.org/W1505272346","https://openalex.org/W325114128"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"2013":[1],"Boston":[2,133],"Marathon":[3,134],"bombing":[4],"represents":[5],"a":[6,50,73,120],"case":[7],"where":[8],"automatic":[9],"facial":[10],"biometrics":[11],"tools":[12,28],"could":[13],"have":[14],"proven":[15],"invaluable":[16],"to":[17,101,157],"law":[18],"enforcement":[19],"officials,":[20],"yet":[21],"the":[22,55,61,77,80,90,102,110,124,132,137],"lack":[23],"of":[24,26,54,79,123,131,139,155],"robustness":[25,156],"current":[27],"in":[29,153],"unstructured":[30],"environments":[31],"limited":[32],"their":[33],"utility.":[34],"In":[35],"this":[36],"work,":[37],"we":[38],"focus":[39],"on":[40,60,127],"complications":[41],"that":[42,70,89,146],"confound":[43],"face":[44],"detection":[45],"algorithms.":[46,84],"We":[47,117],"first":[48],"present":[49],"simple":[51],"multi-pose":[52],"generalization":[53],"Viola-Jones":[56],"algorithm.":[57],"Our":[58],"results":[59,138],"Face":[62],"Detection":[63],"Data":[64],"set":[65],"and":[66,108,161],"Benchmark":[67],"(FDDB)":[68],"show":[69],"it":[71],"makes":[72],"significant":[74],"improvement":[75,152],"over":[76],"state":[78],"art":[81],"for":[82,114,151],"published":[83],"Conversely,":[85],"our":[86,140],"experiments":[87],"demonstrate":[88],"improvements":[91],"attained":[92],"by":[93,105],"accommodating":[94],"multiple":[95],"poses":[96],"can":[97],"be":[98],"negligible":[99],"compared":[100],"gains":[103],"yielded":[104],"normalizing":[106],"scores":[107],"using":[109],"most":[111],"appropriate":[112],"classifier":[113],"uncontrolled":[115],"data.":[116],"conclude":[118],"with":[119],"qualitative":[121],"evaluation":[122],"proposed":[125],"algorithm":[126],"publicly":[128],"available":[129],"images":[130],"crowds.":[135],"Although":[136],"evaluations":[141],"are":[142],"encouraging,":[143],"they":[144],"confirm":[145],"there":[147],"is":[148],"still":[149],"room":[150],"terms":[154],"out-of-plane":[158],"rotation,":[159],"blur":[160],"occlusion.":[162]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-26T07:47:46.906454","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
