{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1997797580","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wacv.2014.6835983","title":"Relative facial action unit detection","display_name":"Relative facial action unit detection","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1997797580","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wacv.2014.6835983","mag":"1997797580"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/wacv.2014.6835983","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wacv.2014.6835983","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918690","display_name":"IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision","issn_l":"2472-6737","issn":["2472-6737"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083231748","display_name":"Mahmoud Khademi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7523-1741"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98251732","display_name":"McMaster University","ror":"https://ror.org/02fa3aq29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98251732"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mahmoud Khademi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing and Software, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada","Department of Computing & Software, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing and Software, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98251732"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing & Software, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98251732"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081398601","display_name":"Louis\u2010Philippe Morency","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6376-7696"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087747","display_name":"Creative Technologies (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/001qkb777","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087747"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Louis-Philippe Morency","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Creative Technologies, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA","Institute for Creative Technologies, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Creative Technologies, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212","https://openalex.org/I4210087747"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Creative Technologies, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.0356,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8671875,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1090","last_page":"1095"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.7635154724121094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6465979814529419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.6249703764915466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5678839683532715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.5532299876213074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5396679639816284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frame","display_name":"Frame (networking)","score":0.497196227312088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/change-detection","display_name":"Change detection","score":0.4736688733100891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.4329315721988678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-detection","display_name":"Face detection","score":0.42231082916259766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3367311954498291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.32641610503196716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.31835538148880005}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.7635154724121094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6465979814529419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.6249703764915466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5678839683532715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.5532299876213074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5396679639816284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126042441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324888","display_name":"Frame (networking)","level":2,"score":0.497196227312088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203595873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25389927","display_name":"Change detection","level":2,"score":0.4736688733100891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4329315721988678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4641261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11681085","display_name":"Face detection","level":4,"score":0.42231082916259766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3367311954498291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.32641610503196716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.31835538148880005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/wacv.2014.6835983","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wacv.2014.6835983","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918690","display_name":"IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision","issn_l":"2472-6737","issn":["2472-6737"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1578352865","https://openalex.org/W1992280180","https://openalex.org/W1993551758","https://openalex.org/W1999086365","https://openalex.org/W2001141328","https://openalex.org/W2033773055","https://openalex.org/W2045472600","https://openalex.org/W2048182576","https://openalex.org/W2062260304","https://openalex.org/W2101965618","https://openalex.org/W2103943262","https://openalex.org/W2106115875","https://openalex.org/W2106390385","https://openalex.org/W2112757439","https://openalex.org/W2125127226","https://openalex.org/W2130571344","https://openalex.org/W2140687824","https://openalex.org/W2151802865","https://openalex.org/W2153635508","https://openalex.org/W2159017231","https://openalex.org/W2160947254","https://openalex.org/W4205392983","https://openalex.org/W6661838567","https://openalex.org/W6680629740"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2568858292","https://openalex.org/W1515964938","https://openalex.org/W2336272890","https://openalex.org/W4308999381","https://openalex.org/W3183843611","https://openalex.org/W4312238398","https://openalex.org/W3211418293","https://openalex.org/W4308999963","https://openalex.org/W4285815683","https://openalex.org/W325114128"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,56],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,30,59],"subject-independent":[4],"facial":[5],"action":[6],"unit":[7],"(AU)":[8],"detection":[9],"method":[10,66,86],"by":[11],"introducing":[12],"the":[13,22,37,41,47,63,73],"concept":[14],"of":[15,40,107,126],"relative":[16],"AU":[17,70],"detection,":[18],"for":[19],"scenarios":[20],"where":[21],"neutral":[23],"face":[24,94],"is":[25,58],"not":[26],"provided.":[27],"We":[28],"propose":[29],"new":[31],"classification":[32,71],"objective":[33],"function":[34],"which":[35,67],"analyzes":[36],"temporal":[38],"neighborhood":[39],"current":[42,74],"frame":[43],"to":[44,89],"decide":[45],"if":[46],"expression":[48],"recently":[49],"increased,":[50],"decreased":[51],"or":[52],"showed":[53],"no":[54],"change.":[55],"approach":[57,128],"significant":[60,124],"change":[61],"from":[62],"conventional":[64,130],"absolute":[65,131],"decides":[68],"about":[69],"using":[72],"frame,":[75],"without":[76],"an":[77],"explicit":[78],"comparison":[79],"with":[80],"its":[81],"neighboring":[82],"frames.":[83],"Our":[84,109],"proposed":[85],"improves":[87],"robustness":[88],"individual":[90],"differences":[91],"such":[92],"as":[93],"scale":[95],"and":[96,100,120],"shape,":[97],"age-related":[98],"wrinkles,":[99],"transitions":[101],"among":[102],"expressions":[103],"(e.g.,":[104],"lower":[105],"intensity":[106],"expressions).":[108],"experiments":[110],"on":[111],"three":[112],"publicly":[113],"available":[114],"datasets":[115],"(Extended":[116],"Cohn-Kanade":[117],"(CK+),":[118],"Bosphorus,":[119],"DISFA":[121],"databases)":[122],"show":[123],"improvement":[125],"our":[127],"over":[129],"techniques.":[132]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}