{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2077817136","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wacv.2014.6835736","title":"Fully automatic 3D facial expression recognition using local depth features","display_name":"Fully automatic 3D facial expression recognition using local depth features","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2077817136","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wacv.2014.6835736","mag":"2077817136"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/wacv.2014.6835736","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wacv.2014.6835736","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918690","display_name":"IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision","issn_l":"2472-6737","issn":["2472-6737"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005856571","display_name":"Mingliang Xue","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2985-2786"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205640436","display_name":"Curtin University","ror":"https://ror.org/02n415q13","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205640436"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingliang Xue","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia","Department of Computing, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley WA 6102, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205640436"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley WA 6102, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205640436"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089986388","display_name":"Ajmal Mian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5206-3842"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177877127","display_name":"The University of Western Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/047272k79","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ajmal Mian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Software Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia","Computer Science and Software Engineering, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley 6009, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Software Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Software Engineering, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley 6009, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082668502","display_name":"Wanquan Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4910-353X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205640436","display_name":"Curtin University","ror":"https://ror.org/02n415q13","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205640436"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wanquan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia","Department of Computing, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley WA 6102, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205640436"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley WA 6102, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205640436"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037788925","display_name":"Ling Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9722-9503"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205640436","display_name":"Curtin University","ror":"https://ror.org/02n415q13","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205640436"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ling Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia","Department of Computing, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley WA 6102, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205640436"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley WA 6102, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205640436"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4384,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88356259,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1096","last_page":"1103"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.983299970626831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9829999804496765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7750669717788696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7406177520751953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6744197607040405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.6650029420852661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.5880221128463745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaboost","display_name":"AdaBoost","score":0.5353956818580627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5353671908378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4938519597053528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.48335760831832886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.4246601164340973}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7750669717788696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7406177520751953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6744197607040405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.6650029420852661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.5880221128463745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141404830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2823869","display_name":"AdaBoost","level":3,"score":0.5353956818580627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5353671908378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4938519597053528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.48335760831832886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.4246601164340973}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/wacv.2014.6835736","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wacv.2014.6835736","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918690","display_name":"IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision","issn_l":"2472-6737","issn":["2472-6737"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/fb3a6a91-127f-4758-9a40-4c4d84c88947","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research-repository.uwa.edu.au/en/publications/fb3a6a91-127f-4758-9a40-4c4d84c88947","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402523","display_name":"UWA Profiles and Research Repository (University of Western Australia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I177877127","host_organization_name":"The University of Western Australia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Xue , M , Mian , A , Liu , W &amp; Li , L 2014 , Fully automatic 3D facial expression recognition using local depth features . in 2014 IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV) . IEEE, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers , United States , pp. 1096-1103 , 2014 IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision , Steamboat Springs , Colorado , United States , 24/03/14 . https://doi.org/10.1109/WACV.2014.6835736","raw_type":"contributionToPeriodical"},{"id":"pmh:oai:espace.curtin.edu.au:20.500.11937/45568","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/45568","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401790","display_name":"eSpace (Curtin University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205640436","host_organization_name":"Curtin University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205640436"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference Paper"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1970942140","https://openalex.org/W1996459352","https://openalex.org/W2003238582","https://openalex.org/W2021438259","https://openalex.org/W2049981393","https://openalex.org/W2068610869","https://openalex.org/W2083624955","https://openalex.org/W2102544846","https://openalex.org/W2136063698","https://openalex.org/W2137306662","https://openalex.org/W2140149302","https://openalex.org/W2142955877","https://openalex.org/W2143829622","https://openalex.org/W2145310492","https://openalex.org/W2153635508","https://openalex.org/W2154053567","https://openalex.org/W2159017231","https://openalex.org/W2168055571","https://openalex.org/W2534547303","https://openalex.org/W3097096317","https://openalex.org/W6680591342","https://openalex.org/W6728342743"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3039673966","https://openalex.org/W2002351707","https://openalex.org/W4293699968","https://openalex.org/W2035096001","https://openalex.org/W4312843811","https://openalex.org/W2327035729","https://openalex.org/W2923621274","https://openalex.org/W3112414093","https://openalex.org/W4210319752","https://openalex.org/W2985118265"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Facial":[0],"expressions":[1,60],"form":[2],"a":[3,33,48,137,163],"significant":[4],"part":[5],"of":[6,24,42,74,85],"our":[7,77],"nonverbal":[8],"communications":[9],"and":[10,27,93,103,109,151,185],"understanding":[11],"them":[12],"is":[13,32,79,145,186],"essential":[14],"for":[15,127,166],"effective":[16],"human":[17],"computer":[18],"interaction.":[19],"Due":[20],"to":[21,122,136,161,189],"the":[22,40,55,72,83,89,100,167,172,178,190],"diversity":[23],"facial":[25,44,59,65,129],"geometry":[26,66],"expressions,":[28],"automatic":[29,81,183],"expression":[30,45],"recognition":[31,46],"challenging":[34],"task.":[35],"This":[36],"paper":[37],"deals":[38],"with":[39],"problem":[41],"person-independent":[43],"from":[47],"single":[49],"3D":[50,56],"scan.":[51],"We":[52,87],"consider":[53],"only":[54],"shape":[57],"because":[58],"are":[61,120,134,158],"mostly":[62],"encoded":[63],"in":[64,96],"deformations":[67],"rather":[68],"than":[69],"textures.":[70],"Unlike":[71],"majority":[73],"existing":[75,182],"works,":[76],"method":[78,180],"fully":[80],"including":[82],"detection":[84],"landmarks.":[86,194],"detect":[88],"four":[90],"eye":[91],"corners":[92],"nose":[94],"tip":[95],"real":[97],"time":[98],"on":[99,171],"depth":[101,125,132],"image":[102],"its":[104],"gradients":[105],"using":[106,192],"Haar-like":[107],"features":[108,126,133,157],"AdaBoost":[110],"classifier.":[111],"From":[112],"these":[113],"five":[114],"points,":[115],"another":[116],"25":[117],"heuristic":[118],"points":[119],"defined":[121],"extract":[123],"local":[124],"representing":[128],"expressions.":[130],"The":[131,155],"projected":[135],"lower":[138],"dimensional":[139],"linear":[140],"subspace":[141],"where":[142],"feature":[143],"selection":[144],"performed":[146],"by":[147],"maximizing":[148],"their":[149,153],"relevance":[150],"minimizing":[152],"redundancy.":[154],"selected":[156],"then":[159],"used":[160],"train":[162],"multi-class":[164],"SVM":[165],"final":[168],"classification.":[169],"Experiments":[170],"benchmark":[173],"BU-3DFE":[174],"database":[175],"show":[176],"that":[177],"proposed":[179],"outperforms":[181],"techniques,":[184],"comparable":[187],"even":[188],"approaches":[191],"manual":[193]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
