{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2113204516","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wacv.2009.5403081","title":"Facial expression recognition using histogram variances faces","display_name":"Facial expression recognition using histogram variances faces","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2113204516","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wacv.2009.5403081","mag":"2113204516"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/wacv.2009.5403081","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wacv.2009.5403081","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2009 Workshop on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://opus.lib.uts.edu.au/bitstream/10453/10785/3/2009001878_Du.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036695456","display_name":"Ruo Du","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ruo Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sydney University of Technology, Sydney, NSW, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sydney University of Technology, Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466","https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063629854","display_name":"Qiang Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5641-2483"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiang Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sydney University of Technology, Sydney, NSW, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sydney University of Technology, Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466","https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006921134","display_name":"Xiangjian He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8962-540X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141591182","display_name":"University of Aizu","ror":"https://ror.org/02pg0e883","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141591182"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}],"countries":["AU","JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangjian He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sydney University of Technology, Sydney, NSW, Australia","University of Aizu, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sydney University of Technology, Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466","https://openalex.org/I129604602"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Aizu, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141591182"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100395314","display_name":"Wenjing Jia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0940-3338"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenjing Jia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sydney University of Technology, Sydney, NSW, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sydney University of Technology, Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466","https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111941202","display_name":"Daming Wei","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141591182","display_name":"University of Aizu","ror":"https://ror.org/02pg0e883","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141591182"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daming Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Aizu, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Aizu, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141591182"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5036695456"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466","https://openalex.org/I129604602"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3281,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.61541914,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"7"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9779000282287598,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram","display_name":"Histogram","score":0.774262547492981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7395739555358887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.716022789478302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6410680413246155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.6366657614707947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hidden-markov-model","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","score":0.609038770198822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.6009764671325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expression","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","score":0.5985816717147827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sadness","display_name":"Sadness","score":0.5006213188171387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4611423909664154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram-of-oriented-gradients","display_name":"Histogram of oriented gradients","score":0.4564414918422699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frame","display_name":"Frame (networking)","score":0.4511893093585968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.44275933504104614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.4281647503376007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.24157464504241943}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.774262547492981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7395739555358887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.716022789478302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6410680413246155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.6366657614707947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.609038770198822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.6009764671325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90559484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778379","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5985816717147827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779812673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169251","display_name":"Sadness","level":3,"score":0.5006213188171387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4611423909664154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17426736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q419918","display_name":"Histogram of oriented gradients","level":4,"score":0.4564414918422699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126042441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324888","display_name":"Frame (networking)","level":2,"score":0.4511893093585968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.44275933504104614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.4281647503376007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.24157464504241943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779302386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79871","display_name":"Anger","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/wacv.2009.5403081","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wacv.2009.5403081","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2009 Workshop on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:opus.lib.uts.edu.au:10453/10785","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10453/10785","pdf_url":"https://opus.lib.uts.edu.au/bitstream/10453/10785/3/2009001878_Du.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401357","display_name":"UTS ePRESS (University of Technology Sydney)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","host_organization_name":"University of Technology Sydney","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference Proceeding"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.817.3380","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.817.3380","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"https://opus.lib.uts.edu.au/bitstream/10453/10785/3/2009001878_Du.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:opus.lib.uts.edu.au:10453/10785","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10453/10785","pdf_url":"https://opus.lib.uts.edu.au/bitstream/10453/10785/3/2009001878_Du.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401357","display_name":"UTS ePRESS (University of Technology Sydney)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","host_organization_name":"University of Technology Sydney","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference Proceeding"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.5099999904632568}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2113204516.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2113204516.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1574818812","https://openalex.org/W1588539311","https://openalex.org/W1988790447","https://openalex.org/W2087347434","https://openalex.org/W2098044144","https://openalex.org/W2098693229","https://openalex.org/W2101965618","https://openalex.org/W2119024906","https://openalex.org/W2125127226","https://openalex.org/W2134393319","https://openalex.org/W2138451337","https://openalex.org/W2143668817","https://openalex.org/W2148603752","https://openalex.org/W2150797508","https://openalex.org/W2156909104","https://openalex.org/W2163352848","https://openalex.org/W2167955297","https://openalex.org/W2172279486","https://openalex.org/W3214102110","https://openalex.org/W6634504512","https://openalex.org/W6677880614","https://openalex.org/W6804270185"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2120267809","https://openalex.org/W2519456985","https://openalex.org/W1761974557","https://openalex.org/W1991697485","https://openalex.org/W3198870284","https://openalex.org/W2002225084","https://openalex.org/W2119012436","https://openalex.org/W2093522521","https://openalex.org/W346645540","https://openalex.org/W2071993326"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,15,84],"human's":[1],"expression":[2,7,25,30,45,127],"recognition,":[3],"the":[4,12,52,62,88,91,108,116,125,135,154],"representation":[5],"of":[6,156],"features":[8,27,47],"is":[9,159],"essential":[10],"for":[11,23,87,124],"recognition":[13,119],"accuracy.":[14],"this":[16,132],"work":[17],"we":[18],"propose":[19],"a":[20,49,65],"novel":[21],"approach":[22,43,133],"extracting":[24],"dynamic":[26,46,126],"from":[28,73],"facial":[29,93,118],"videos.":[31],"Rather":[32],"than":[33],"utilising":[34],"statistical":[35],"models":[36],"e.g.":[37],"Hidden":[38],"Markov":[39],"Model":[40],"(HMM),":[41],"our":[42,85],"integrates":[44],"into":[48],"static":[50,117],"image,":[51],"Histogram":[53],"Variances":[54],"Face":[55],"(HVF),":[56],"by":[57],"fusing":[58],"histogram":[59],"variances":[60],"among":[61],"frames":[63],"in":[64],"video.":[66],"The":[67],"HVFs":[68,103,144,157],"can":[69,121],"be":[70,122],"automatically":[71],"obtained":[72],"videos":[74,89],"with":[75],"different":[76],"frame":[77,111],"rates":[78,112],"and":[79,98,110,147,152],"immune":[80],"to":[81],"illumination":[82],"interference.":[83],"experiments,":[86],"picturing":[90],"same":[92],"expression,":[94],"e.g.,":[95],"surprise,":[96],"happy":[97],"sadness":[99],"etc.,":[100],"their":[101],"corresponding":[102],"are":[104,113],"similar,":[105],"even":[106],"though":[107],"performers":[109],"different.":[114],"Therefore":[115],"approaches":[120],"utilised":[123],"recognition.":[128],"We":[129],"have":[130],"applied":[131],"on":[134],"well-known":[136],"Cohn-Kanade":[137],"AU-Coded":[138],"Facial":[139],"Expression":[140],"database":[141],"then":[142],"classified":[143],"using":[145],"PCA":[146],"Support":[148],"Vector":[149],"Machine":[150],"(SVMs),":[151],"found":[153],"accuracy":[155],"classification":[158],"very":[160],"encouraging.":[161]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}