{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3033836620","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vts48691.2020.9107630","title":"Taming Combinational Trojan Detection Challenges with Self-Referencing Adaptive Test Patterns","display_name":"Taming Combinational Trojan Detection Challenges with Self-Referencing Adaptive Test Patterns","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3033836620","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vts48691.2020.9107630","mag":"3033836620"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/vts48691.2020.9107630","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vts48691.2020.9107630","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE 38th VLSI Test Symposium (VTS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057156195","display_name":"Chris Nigh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9907-6325"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California, San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chris Nigh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006811625","display_name":"Alex Orailo\u011flu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6104-3923"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California, San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alex Orailoglu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5057156195"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4621,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.57418699,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14117","display_name":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11032","display_name":"VLSI and Analog Circuit Testing","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trojan","display_name":"Trojan","score":0.9148428440093994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7235926389694214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.5761302709579468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5745512247085571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-trojan","display_name":"Hardware Trojan","score":0.5567271709442139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process-variation","display_name":"Process variation","score":0.53431236743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variation","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","score":0.524520993232727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.475620299577713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.4324977993965149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.4112076163291931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.37304574251174927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.35963380336761475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.32167327404022217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3060028553009033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.28578269481658936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.08681455254554749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.08336666226387024}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174333608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19635","display_name":"Trojan","level":2,"score":0.9148428440093994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7235926389694214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.5761302709579468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5745512247085571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780873074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5656397","display_name":"Hardware Trojan","level":3,"score":0.5567271709442139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93389723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7247313","display_name":"Process variation","level":3,"score":0.53431236743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778334786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1586270","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.524520993232727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.475620299577713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.4324977993965149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.4112076163291931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.37304574251174927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.35963380336761475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.32167327404022217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3060028553009033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.28578269481658936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.08681455254554749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.08336666226387024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/vts48691.2020.9107630","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vts48691.2020.9107630","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE 38th VLSI Test Symposium (VTS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8100000023841858,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W924455922","https://openalex.org/W1568407911","https://openalex.org/W1972647831","https://openalex.org/W1980985044","https://openalex.org/W1990097965","https://openalex.org/W1994094562","https://openalex.org/W2001441503","https://openalex.org/W2011712479","https://openalex.org/W2051348078","https://openalex.org/W2061946964","https://openalex.org/W2096146619","https://openalex.org/W2101246871","https://openalex.org/W2104671161","https://openalex.org/W2108103162","https://openalex.org/W2145937629","https://openalex.org/W2148357146","https://openalex.org/W2150928734","https://openalex.org/W2160621850","https://openalex.org/W2164754947","https://openalex.org/W2170995161","https://openalex.org/W2291231941","https://openalex.org/W2567286931","https://openalex.org/W2606854262","https://openalex.org/W2801379610","https://openalex.org/W2911617582","https://openalex.org/W4231825163","https://openalex.org/W4239924842","https://openalex.org/W4246362357","https://openalex.org/W6653269181","https://openalex.org/W6674983094","https://openalex.org/W6682184091"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2393947851","https://openalex.org/W2386572068","https://openalex.org/W2385196673","https://openalex.org/W2071522662","https://openalex.org/W2964142629","https://openalex.org/W4234059405","https://openalex.org/W2376657377","https://openalex.org/W2004812514","https://openalex.org/W2161262848","https://openalex.org/W2756492027"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"While":[0],"many":[1],"side-channel":[2],"methods":[3],"have":[4,31],"been":[5],"proposed":[6],"for":[7],"detecting":[8],"hardware":[9],"Trojans":[10],"inserted":[11],"by":[12],"an":[13,123],"untrusted":[14],"foundry,":[15],"they":[16],"are":[17],"challenged":[18],"in":[19],"the":[20,46,86,105,117,135],"face":[21],"of":[22,28,48,107,119,137],"process":[23,29,56],"variation":[24,30,57],"noise.":[25],"The":[26],"impacts":[27],"forced":[32],"researchers":[33],"to":[34,39,45,80,83,128,130,134],"propose":[35,64],"costly":[36],"design":[37,61],"enhancements":[38],"improve":[40],"detection":[41],"as":[42],"a":[43,65],"counter":[44],"deficiency":[47],"current":[49],"easy-to-implement":[50],"test":[51,72,91],"pattern-based":[52],"methods.":[53],"To":[54],"overcome":[55],"noise":[58],"with":[59],"no":[60],"cost,":[62],"we":[63,98],"novel":[66],"self-referencing":[67],"adaptive":[68],"approach":[69],"based":[70],"on":[71,111],"pattern":[73,92],"construction,":[74],"which":[75],"learns":[76],"from":[77],"and":[78,96,103],"conforms":[79],"device":[81],"characteristics":[82],"maximally":[84],"magnify":[85],"Trojan":[87,108,113,138],"signal.":[88],"Through":[89],"iterative":[90],"modifications,":[93],"response":[94],"analyses,":[95],"decision-making,":[97],"can":[99],"pursue":[100],"suspicious":[101],"behaviors":[102],"increase":[104],"likelihood":[106],"detection.":[109],"Experiments":[110],"Trust-Hub":[112],"circuit":[114],"benchmarks":[115],"show":[116],"efficacy":[118],"this":[120],"technique,":[121],"magnifying":[122],"equivocal":[124],"starting":[125],"signal":[126],"22":[127],"130":[129],"deliver":[131],"crisp":[132],"resolution":[133],"question":[136],"existence.":[139]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
