{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1582894122","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vts.2015.7116294","title":"Robust counterfeit PCB detection exploiting intrinsic trace impedance variations","display_name":"Robust counterfeit PCB detection exploiting intrinsic trace impedance variations","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1582894122","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vts.2015.7116294","mag":"1582894122"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/vts.2015.7116294","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vts.2015.7116294","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2015 IEEE 33rd VLSI Test Symposium (VTS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087421676","display_name":"Fengchao Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58956616","display_name":"Case Western Reserve University","ror":"https://ror.org/051fd9666","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I58956616"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fengchao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA","Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH-44106, USA#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58956616"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH-44106, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58956616"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024655232","display_name":"Andrew Hennessy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9639-0634"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58956616","display_name":"Case Western Reserve University","ror":"https://ror.org/051fd9666","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I58956616"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Hennessy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA","Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH-44106, USA#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58956616"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH-44106, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58956616"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039442844","display_name":"Swarup Bhunia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6082-6961"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58956616","display_name":"Case Western Reserve University","ror":"https://ror.org/051fd9666","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I58956616"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Swarup Bhunia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA","Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH-44106, USA#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58956616"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH-44106, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58956616"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5087421676"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58956616"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.4907,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":41,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96052987,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14117","display_name":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":0.9404000043869019,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/printed-circuit-board","display_name":"Printed circuit board","score":0.7570571899414062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/counterfeit","display_name":"Counterfeit","score":0.666507363319397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trace","display_name":"TRACE (psycholinguistics)","score":0.6349897384643555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6190429329872131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signature","display_name":"Signature (topology)","score":0.5989528894424438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.5747330188751221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.5658924579620361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.4731215834617615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chip","display_name":"Chip","score":0.4502045214176178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hamming-distance","display_name":"Hamming distance","score":0.44736480712890625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-impedance","display_name":"Electrical impedance","score":0.4169670343399048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.21812742948532104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.2143176794052124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.168272465467453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.10186588764190674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.09960964322090149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.07952114939689636}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120793396","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173350","display_name":"Printed circuit board","level":2,"score":0.7570571899414062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779356469","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q502918","display_name":"Counterfeit","level":2,"score":0.666507363319397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75291252","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1315756","display_name":"TRACE (psycholinguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6349897384643555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6190429329872131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779696439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512811","display_name":"Signature (topology)","level":2,"score":0.5989528894424438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5747330188751221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.5658924579620361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.4731215834617615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165005293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074500","display_name":"Chip","level":2,"score":0.4502045214176178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193319292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q272172","display_name":"Hamming distance","level":2,"score":0.44736480712890625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17829176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179043","display_name":"Electrical impedance","level":2,"score":0.4169670343399048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.21812742948532104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2143176794052124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.168272465467453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.10186588764190674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.09960964322090149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.07952114939689636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/vts.2015.7116294","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vts.2015.7116294","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2015 IEEE 33rd VLSI Test Symposium (VTS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W106627455","https://openalex.org/W2027314395","https://openalex.org/W2047942632","https://openalex.org/W2110062156","https://openalex.org/W2116374153","https://openalex.org/W2275311641","https://openalex.org/W2275545049","https://openalex.org/W6604395207","https://openalex.org/W6656918277","https://openalex.org/W6676995458"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3191226418","https://openalex.org/W2357749344","https://openalex.org/W4323356230","https://openalex.org/W2362200800","https://openalex.org/W1539823648","https://openalex.org/W4290078996","https://openalex.org/W3211012000","https://openalex.org/W3208645214","https://openalex.org/W2104321465","https://openalex.org/W4250384982"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,60],"long":[1],"and":[2,67,70],"distributed":[3],"supply":[4],"chain":[5],"of":[6,17,81,89,107],"printed":[7],"circuit":[8],"boards":[9],"(PCBs)":[10],"makes":[11],"them":[12],"vulnerable":[13],"to":[14,29,74],"different":[15],"forms":[16],"counterfeiting":[18],"attacks.":[19],"Existing":[20],"chip-level":[21],"integrity":[22],"validation":[23],"approaches":[24],"cannot":[25],"be":[26,72],"readily":[27],"extended":[28],"PCB.":[30],"In":[31],"this":[32,36],"paper,":[33],"we":[34],"address":[35],"issue":[37],"with":[38,78,103],"a":[39,50,87],"novel":[40],"PCB":[41,51],"authentication":[42,101],"approach":[43,61,97],"that":[44,94],"creates":[45],"robust,":[46],"unique":[47,100],"signatures":[48],"from":[49],"based":[52],"on":[53],"process-induced":[54],"variations":[55],"in":[56],"its":[57],"trace":[58],"impedances.":[59],"comes":[62],"at":[63],"virtually":[64],"zero":[65],"design":[66],"hardware":[68],"overhead":[69],"can":[71,98],"applied":[73],"legacy":[75],"PCBs.":[76],"Experiments":[77],"two":[79],"sets":[80],"commercial":[82],"PCBs":[83,92],"as":[84,86],"well":[85],"set":[88],"custom":[90],"designed":[91],"show":[93],"the":[95],"proposed":[96],"obtain":[99],"signature":[102],"inter-PCB":[104],"hamming":[105],"distance":[106],"47.94%":[108],"or":[109],"higher.":[110]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
