{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1547964945","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vts.2015.7116257","title":"Enabling unauthorized RF transmission below noise floor with no detectable impact on primary communication performance","display_name":"Enabling unauthorized RF transmission below noise floor with no detectable impact on primary communication performance","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1547964945","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vts.2015.7116257","mag":"1547964945"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/vts.2015.7116257","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vts.2015.7116257","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2015 IEEE 33rd VLSI Test Symposium (VTS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029318185","display_name":"Doohwang Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2767-8789"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Doohwang Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University","School of Electrical Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024809556","display_name":"Bertan Bakkalo\u011flu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4135-7367"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bertan Bakkaloglu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University","School of Electrical Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058946013","display_name":"Sule Ozev","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3636-715X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sule Ozev","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University","School of Electrical Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.3062,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87416875,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9846000075340271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7039844989776611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.685267984867096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spread-spectrum","display_name":"Spread spectrum","score":0.6296387314796448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.5573578476905823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.5560250282287598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.5496944189071655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-division-multiple-access","display_name":"Code division multiple access","score":0.5431444048881531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5413448810577393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.5278216004371643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.44466981291770935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.3608276844024658}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7039844989776611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.685267984867096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105344744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q958957","display_name":"Spread spectrum","level":3,"score":0.6296387314796448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.5573578476905823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5560250282287598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.5496944189071655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47696715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q233394","display_name":"Code division multiple access","level":2,"score":0.5431444048881531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5413448810577393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.5278216004371643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.44466981291770935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3608276844024658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/vts.2015.7116257","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vts.2015.7116257","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2015 IEEE 33rd VLSI Test Symposium (VTS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1548001775","https://openalex.org/W2014066342","https://openalex.org/W2047445216","https://openalex.org/W2073203474","https://openalex.org/W2100280615","https://openalex.org/W2105938985","https://openalex.org/W2106366482","https://openalex.org/W2114722040","https://openalex.org/W2125129715","https://openalex.org/W2131728778","https://openalex.org/W2146220482","https://openalex.org/W2153622528","https://openalex.org/W2167830110","https://openalex.org/W3144316864","https://openalex.org/W3150167865","https://openalex.org/W4243378460","https://openalex.org/W6675548740"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2566455368","https://openalex.org/W2565613228","https://openalex.org/W1961916646","https://openalex.org/W2148313147","https://openalex.org/W1996377929","https://openalex.org/W2150798595","https://openalex.org/W2152454158","https://openalex.org/W2056318447","https://openalex.org/W2112365813","https://openalex.org/W1948034020"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"increasing":[1,13],"diversity":[2],"of":[3,15,22,68,103],"supply":[4],"chains":[5],"from":[6,40],"design":[7],"to":[8,30,47,56],"delivery,":[9],"there":[10],"is":[11,29,98],"an":[12,19],"risk":[14],"unauthorized":[16,60,80,109],"changes":[17],"within":[18,65,86],"IC.":[20],"One":[21],"the":[23,41,87,108,114,122],"motivations":[24],"for":[25,79],"this":[26,45,72],"type":[27],"change":[28],"learn":[31],"important":[32],"information":[33,46],"(such":[34],"as":[35],"encryption":[36],"keys,":[37],"spreading":[38],"codes)":[39],"hardware":[42],"and":[43],"pass":[44],"a":[48,76,95,101],"malicious":[49,123],"party":[50],"through":[51],"wireless":[52],"means.":[53],"In":[54,71],"order":[55],"evade":[57],"detection,":[58],"such":[59],"communication":[61],"can":[62,83],"be":[63,84],"hidden":[64,85],"legitimate":[66,88],"bursts":[67],"transmit":[69],"signal.":[70,89],"paper,":[73],"we":[74],"present":[75],"stealth":[77],"circuit":[78,115],"transmissions":[81],"which":[82],"A":[90],"CDMA-based":[91],"spread":[92],"spectrum":[93],"with":[94,100],"CDMA":[96],"encoder":[97],"implemented":[99],"handful":[102],"transistors.":[104],"We":[105],"show":[106],"that":[107],"signal":[110],"does":[111],"not":[112],"alter":[113],"performance":[116],"while":[117],"being":[118],"easily":[119],"detectable":[120],"by":[121],"receiver.":[124]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}