{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2955637655","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtcspring.2019.8746325","title":"Multi-Resolution Beamforming and User Clustering in Downlink Massive MIMO Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access System","display_name":"Multi-Resolution Beamforming and User Clustering in Downlink Massive MIMO Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access System","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2955637655","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtcspring.2019.8746325","mag":"2955637655"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/vtcspring.2019.8746325","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtcspring.2019.8746325","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE 89th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2019-Spring)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100381554","display_name":"Xinyi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7175-426X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinyi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R.China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R.China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100384651","display_name":"Jun Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8955-3530"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R.China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R.China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100379884","display_name":"Jintao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5245-5379"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jintao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R.China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R.China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049469336","display_name":"Jingbo Tan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4365-7435"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingbo Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R.China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R.China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.05339047,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.7987910509109497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.7743589878082275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/codebook","display_name":"Codebook","score":0.7692177295684814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7112334966659546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precoding","display_name":"Precoding","score":0.6034145355224609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.6011785864830017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-link","display_name":"Telecommunications link","score":0.5875588059425354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interference","display_name":"Interference (communication)","score":0.5209382772445679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectral-efficiency","display_name":"Spectral efficiency","score":0.5196951031684875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-user-mimo","display_name":"Multi-user MIMO","score":0.48902854323387146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.47497957944869995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noma","display_name":"Noma","score":0.46411046385765076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.4538215398788452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/3g-mimo","display_name":"3G MIMO","score":0.4395262598991394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.4333408772945404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3046647906303406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.25883758068084717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.22632592916488647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.17092245817184448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.16497036814689636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.09004324674606323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.06692624092102051}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.7987910509109497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.7743589878082275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127759330","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q637416","display_name":"Codebook","level":2,"score":0.7692177295684814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7112334966659546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160562895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239557","display_name":"Precoding","level":4,"score":0.6034145355224609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.6011785864830017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138660444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897","display_name":"Telecommunications link","level":2,"score":0.5875588059425354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.5209382772445679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137246740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q583970","display_name":"Spectral efficiency","level":3,"score":0.5196951031684875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91330434","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q738298","display_name":"Multi-user MIMO","level":4,"score":0.48902854323387146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.47497957944869995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775918612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q994794","display_name":"Noma","level":3,"score":0.46411046385765076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.4538215398788452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165650700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4636347","display_name":"3G MIMO","level":4,"score":0.4395262598991394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.4333408772945404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3046647906303406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.25883758068084717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.22632592916488647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.17092245817184448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.16497036814689636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.09004324674606323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.06692624092102051}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/vtcspring.2019.8746325","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtcspring.2019.8746325","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE 89th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2019-Spring)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8799999952316284,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1584530125","https://openalex.org/W1991312775","https://openalex.org/W1997834106","https://openalex.org/W2027563534","https://openalex.org/W2045262861","https://openalex.org/W2084872270","https://openalex.org/W2098126478","https://openalex.org/W2128513990","https://openalex.org/W2179893729","https://openalex.org/W2195693430","https://openalex.org/W2498771007","https://openalex.org/W2515756451","https://openalex.org/W2557151866","https://openalex.org/W2771519234","https://openalex.org/W2795515523","https://openalex.org/W2962738973","https://openalex.org/W2963634826","https://openalex.org/W3105798676","https://openalex.org/W3106282754"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2123156148","https://openalex.org/W2014264654","https://openalex.org/W2141031289","https://openalex.org/W2216248654","https://openalex.org/W4385649691","https://openalex.org/W1624127656","https://openalex.org/W4200145345","https://openalex.org/W1578560935","https://openalex.org/W2489379490","https://openalex.org/W4381195711"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Massive":[0],"multiple-input-multiple-output":[1],"(MIMO)":[2],"has":[3,81],"been":[4,82],"considered":[5],"as":[6],"one":[7,49,56,89,108],"of":[8,43,61,74,135,242],"the":[9,13,35,59,72,101,118,136,148,211,219,237,255],"promising":[10],"technologies":[11],"for":[12,31,174,221],"future":[14],"communications":[15],"due":[16],"to":[17,206,210,244],"its":[18],"high":[19],"spectrum":[20],"efficiency.":[21,249],"In":[22,84],"massive":[23],"MIMO":[24,76,86],"systems,":[25,88],"hybrid":[26],"precoding":[27],"is":[28],"widely":[29],"adopted":[30],"it":[32],"can":[33,52,92,129,239],"reduce":[34],"unacceptable":[36],"power":[37],"consumption":[38],"with":[39,100,166,183],"a":[40,126,131,152,189,196,229,246],"small":[41],"number":[42,60],"radio-":[44],"frequency":[45],"(RF)":[46],"chains.":[47],"However,":[48,117],"RF":[50,90,115],"chain":[51,91],"serve":[53],"at":[54],"most":[55,134],"user.":[57],"Consequently,":[58],"simultaneously":[62],"served":[63,111],"users":[64,99,128,137,178,222,235],"are":[65,105,121,186,204],"strictly":[66],"limited.":[67],"To":[68,146],"break":[69],"this":[70],"limitation,":[71],"idea":[73],"beamforming":[75,85,157],"non-orthogonal":[77],"multiple":[78,144],"access":[79],"(NOMA)":[80],"proposed.":[83],"NOMA":[87,243],"support":[93],"two":[94],"or":[95],"more":[96,234],"users,":[97],"where":[98],"same":[102],"beam":[103,191],"selection":[104],"paired":[106,182,213,224],"into":[107,225],"cluster":[109],"and":[110,141,158,170],"by":[112,188],"an":[113],"identical":[114],"chain.":[116],"traditional":[119],"beams":[120,165,185,194,203],"so":[122],"narrow":[123,167],"that":[124,254],"only":[125],"few":[127],"find":[130],"match":[132],"while":[133,227],"still":[138],"remain":[139],"single":[140],"perform":[142],"orthogonal":[143],"access.":[145],"solve":[147],"problem,":[149],"we":[150],"propose":[151],"new":[153,190],"scheme":[154,217,257],"called":[155],"multi-resolution":[156],"user":[159,175],"clustering":[160],"scheme.":[161],"We":[162],"first":[163],"utilize":[164],"angle":[168,198],"range":[169],"higher":[171,247],"array":[172,231],"gain":[173],"clustering.":[176],"Those":[177],"which":[179],"cannot":[180],"be":[181],"these":[184],"clustered":[187],"codebook":[192],"whose":[193],"have":[195],"wider":[197],"range.":[199],"The":[200,215,250],"selected":[201],"wide":[202],"well-designed":[205],"avoid":[207],"bringing":[208],"interference":[209],"previously":[212],"users.":[214],"proposed":[216,256],"raises":[218],"possibility":[220],"being":[223],"clusters":[226],"keeping":[228],"satisfying":[230],"gain.":[232],"Therefore,":[233],"in":[236],"cell":[238],"take":[240],"advantages":[241],"achieve":[245],"spectral":[248],"simulation":[251],"results":[252],"demonstrate":[253],"outperforms":[258],"existing":[259],"schemes":[260],"under":[261],"different":[262],"scenarios.":[263]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
