{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2605111905","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtcspring.2017.8108666","title":"Coverage and Capacity Analysis of Sigfox, LoRa, GPRS, and NB-IoT","display_name":"Coverage and Capacity Analysis of Sigfox, LoRa, GPRS, and NB-IoT","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2605111905","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtcspring.2017.8108666","mag":"2605111905"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/vtcspring.2017.8108666","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtcspring.2017.8108666","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2017 IEEE 85th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://vbn.aau.dk/da/publications/c9d4bbbb-0a7c-4e4b-89ec-ab44a3a77f7d","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060233105","display_name":"Benny Vejlgaard","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I891191580","display_name":"Aalborg University","ror":"https://ror.org/04m5j1k67","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benny Vejlgaard","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Electronic Systems, Aalborg University, Denmark"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electronic Systems, Aalborg University, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031312596","display_name":"Mads Lauridsen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5430-4435"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I891191580","display_name":"Aalborg University","ror":"https://ror.org/04m5j1k67","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mads Lauridsen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Electronic Systems, Aalborg University, Denmark"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electronic Systems, Aalborg University, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082742831","display_name":"Huan Cong Nguyen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6408-2058"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I891191580","display_name":"Aalborg University","ror":"https://ror.org/04m5j1k67","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huan Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Electronic Systems, Aalborg University, Denmark"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electronic Systems, Aalborg University, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076439850","display_name":"Istv\u00e1n Z. Kov\u00e1cs","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8450-0712"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2738502077","display_name":"Nokia (Finland)","ror":"https://ror.org/04pkc8m17","country_code":"FI","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2738502077"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Istvan Z. Kovacs","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nokia Bell Labs, Aalborg"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nokia Bell Labs, Aalborg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2738502077"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082513982","display_name":"Preben Mogensen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0710-8685"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2738502077","display_name":"Nokia (Finland)","ror":"https://ror.org/04pkc8m17","country_code":"FI","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2738502077"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I891191580","display_name":"Aalborg University","ror":"https://ror.org/04m5j1k67","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"]}],"countries":["DK","FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Preben Mogensen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Electronic Systems, Aalborg University, Denmark","Nokia Bell Labs, Aalborg"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electronic Systems, Aalborg University, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nokia Bell Labs, Aalborg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2738502077"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108562285","display_name":"Mads Peter S\u00f8rensen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800413675","display_name":"Telenor (Norway)","ror":"https://ror.org/02jsp2z03","country_code":"NO","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800413675"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mads Sorensen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Telenor Danmark, Aalborg"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Telenor Danmark, Aalborg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800413675"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":46.2624,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":238,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99972744,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/general-packet-radio-service","display_name":"General Packet Radio Service","score":0.8773928880691528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-link","display_name":"Telecommunications link","score":0.8307610750198364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6244661808013916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.6149173378944397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.471962571144104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/failure-rate","display_name":"Failure rate","score":0.46929413080215454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.32252931594848633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.28410619497299194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.17352521419525146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09570014476776123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.07503405213356018}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86338984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79708","display_name":"General Packet Radio Service","level":3,"score":0.8773928880691528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138660444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897","display_name":"Telecommunications link","level":2,"score":0.8307610750198364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6244661808013916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.6149173378944397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.471962571144104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163164238","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2737027","display_name":"Failure rate","level":2,"score":0.46929413080215454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.32252931594848633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.28410619497299194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.17352521419525146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09570014476776123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.07503405213356018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/vtcspring.2017.8108666","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtcspring.2017.8108666","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2017 IEEE 85th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire/c9d4bbbb-0a7c-4e4b-89ec-ab44a3a77f7d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://vbn.aau.dk/da/publications/c9d4bbbb-0a7c-4e4b-89ec-ab44a3a77f7d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401731","display_name":"VBN Forskningsportal (Aalborg Universitet)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I891191580","host_organization_name":"Aalborg University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Vejlgaard, B, Lauridsen, M, Nguyen, H C, Kov\u00e1cs, I, Mogensen, P E & S\u00f8rensen, M 2017, Coverage and Capacity Analysis of Sigfox, LoRa, GPRS, and NB-IoT. in 2017 IEEE 85th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring). IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), I E E E V T S Vehicular Technology Conference. Proceedings, 2017 IEEE 85th Vehicular Technology Conference Spring 2017, Sydney, Australia, 04/06/2017. https://doi.org/10.1109/VTCSpring.2017.8108666","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire/c9d4bbbb-0a7c-4e4b-89ec-ab44a3a77f7d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://vbn.aau.dk/da/publications/c9d4bbbb-0a7c-4e4b-89ec-ab44a3a77f7d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401731","display_name":"VBN Forskningsportal (Aalborg Universitet)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I891191580","host_organization_name":"Aalborg University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Vejlgaard, B, Lauridsen, M, Nguyen, H C, Kov\u00e1cs, I, Mogensen, P E & S\u00f8rensen, M 2017, Coverage and Capacity Analysis of Sigfox, LoRa, GPRS, and NB-IoT. in 2017 IEEE 85th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring). IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), I E E E V T S Vehicular Technology Conference. Proceedings, 2017 IEEE 85th Vehicular Technology Conference Spring 2017, Sydney, Australia, 04/06/2017. https://doi.org/10.1109/VTCSpring.2017.8108666","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.46000000834465027,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310665","display_name":"H\u00f8jteknologifonden","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1488143564","https://openalex.org/W2150847784","https://openalex.org/W2243606197","https://openalex.org/W2499400668","https://openalex.org/W2542099473","https://openalex.org/W2552804020","https://openalex.org/W2571043451","https://openalex.org/W2592123986","https://openalex.org/W6729059106"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2387714916","https://openalex.org/W2355551934","https://openalex.org/W2364462499","https://openalex.org/W2358280775","https://openalex.org/W2391556052","https://openalex.org/W2616686655","https://openalex.org/W601216357","https://openalex.org/W2379273495","https://openalex.org/W2363063365","https://openalex.org/W2375600108"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper":[2],"the":[3,27,37,55,58,61,80],"coverage":[4,139],"and":[5,11,103,132,140],"capacity":[6,59],"of":[7,60],"SigFox,":[8],"LoRa,":[9],"GPRS,":[10],"NB-IoT":[12,100],"is":[13,34,49,78,89,115],"compared":[14],"using":[15],"a":[16,65],"real":[17],"site":[18,31],"deployment":[19],"covering":[20],"8000":[21],"km2":[22],"in":[23],"Northern":[24],"Denmark.":[25],"Using":[26],"existing":[28],"Telenor":[29],"cellular":[30],"grid":[32],"it":[33],"shown":[35],"that":[36,79],"four":[38,62],"technologies":[39,63],"have":[40],"more":[41],"than":[42,108],"99":[43],"%":[44,92,110,127],"outdoor":[45,87],"coverage,":[46],"while":[47,113],"GPRS":[48,131],"challenged":[50],"for":[51,86,93],"indoor":[52,97,138],"coverage.":[53],"Furthermore,":[54],"study":[56],"analyzes":[57],"assuming":[64],"traffic":[66],"growth":[67],"from":[68],"1":[69],"to":[70,117,135],"10":[71],"IoT":[72],"device":[73],"per":[74],"user.":[75],"The":[76],"conclusion":[77],"95":[81],"%-tile":[82],"uplink":[83,102,121],"failure":[84,111,128],"rate":[85],"users":[88,98],"below":[90],"5":[91,109],"all":[94],"technologies.":[95],"For":[96],"only":[99],"provides":[101],"downlink":[104],"connectivity":[105],"with":[106,124],"less":[107],"rate,":[112],"SigFox":[114],"able":[116],"provide":[118,136],"an":[119],"unacknowledged":[120],"data":[122],"service":[123],"about":[125],"12":[126],"rate.":[129],"Both":[130],"LoRa":[133],"struggle":[134],"sufficient":[137],"capacity.":[141]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":38},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":47},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":49},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}