{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2770912818","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtcspring.2017.8108242","title":"The Spatial Evolution of Clusters in Massive MIMO Mobile Measurement at 3.5 GHz","display_name":"The Spatial Evolution of Clusters in Massive MIMO Mobile Measurement at 3.5 GHz","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2770912818","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtcspring.2017.8108242","mag":"2770912818"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/vtcspring.2017.8108242","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtcspring.2017.8108242","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2017 IEEE 85th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100406987","display_name":"Chao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4362-947X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Universal Wireless Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Universal Wireless Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100434769","display_name":"Jianhua Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6492-3846"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianhua Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Universal Wireless Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Universal Wireless Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100777331","display_name":"Lei Tian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6854-6075"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Universal Wireless Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Universal Wireless Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100680975","display_name":"Mengmeng Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4582-2150"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mengmeng Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Universal Wireless Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Universal Wireless Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100694806","display_name":"Ye Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9038-2900"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160618","display_name":"Huawei Technologies (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/056gzgs71","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327","https://openalex.org/I4210160618"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ye Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210160618"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100406987"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8601,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76512105,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11946","display_name":"Antenna Design and Optimization","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-line-of-sight-propagation","display_name":"Non-line-of-sight propagation","score":0.9587012529373169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/azimuth","display_name":"Azimuth","score":0.7880858778953552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.7308946847915649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6033892035484314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster","display_name":"Cluster (spacecraft)","score":0.5878393650054932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cumulative-distribution-function","display_name":"Cumulative distribution function","score":0.5694395303726196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/line-of-sight","display_name":"Line-of-sight","score":0.5524133443832397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/log-normal-distribution","display_name":"Log-normal distribution","score":0.490774005651474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visibility","display_name":"Visibility","score":0.4487982988357544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.43932095170021057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.43365025520324707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.4039105474948883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.37154561281204224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.2950180470943451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probability-density-function","display_name":"Probability density function","score":0.24421846866607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.1696283519268036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.16940978169441223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.15574553608894348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.13932156562805176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.11363977193832397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/astrophysics","display_name":"Astrophysics","score":0.10420140624046326}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154910267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1740982","display_name":"Non-line-of-sight propagation","level":3,"score":0.9587012529373169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159737794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124274","display_name":"Azimuth","level":2,"score":0.7880858778953552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.7308946847915649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6033892035484314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164866538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367351","display_name":"Cluster (spacecraft)","level":2,"score":0.5878393650054932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103784038","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q386228","display_name":"Cumulative distribution function","level":3,"score":0.5694395303726196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780928442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6553027","display_name":"Line-of-sight","level":2,"score":0.5524133443832397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151620405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q826116","display_name":"Log-normal distribution","level":2,"score":0.490774005651474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123403432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q654068","display_name":"Visibility","level":2,"score":0.4487982988357544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.43932095170021057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.43365025520324707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4039105474948883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.37154561281204224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2950180470943451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197055811","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207522","display_name":"Probability density function","level":2,"score":0.24421846866607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.1696283519268036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.16940978169441223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.15574553608894348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.13932156562805176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.11363977193832397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.10420140624046326}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/vtcspring.2017.8108242","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtcspring.2017.8108242","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2017 IEEE 85th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.46000000834465027,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W599318913","https://openalex.org/W1552533114","https://openalex.org/W1972176711","https://openalex.org/W2013785632","https://openalex.org/W2073336412","https://openalex.org/W2090195299","https://openalex.org/W2095722879","https://openalex.org/W2117360569","https://openalex.org/W2119182991","https://openalex.org/W2131651545","https://openalex.org/W2135647798","https://openalex.org/W2141682101","https://openalex.org/W2163137659","https://openalex.org/W2493062138","https://openalex.org/W2529735525","https://openalex.org/W3098980465","https://openalex.org/W3113212074","https://openalex.org/W6677709547"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4386212472","https://openalex.org/W2083348609","https://openalex.org/W2108958692","https://openalex.org/W2995826996","https://openalex.org/W2072419077","https://openalex.org/W2948901907","https://openalex.org/W2144201814","https://openalex.org/W2982685408","https://openalex.org/W3164394228","https://openalex.org/W2540097347"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"It":[0],"is":[1,18,98,118],"necessary":[2],"to":[3,81,137],"study":[4,138],"the":[5,21,32,36,64,83,89,93,101,108,111,121,139,145,152],"spatial":[6],"evolution":[7,94],"of":[8,20,52,58,71,76,85,95,103,107,126,128,141],"clusters":[9,86],"in":[10,24,50],"massive":[11,37],"multiple-input":[12],"multiple-output":[13],"(MIMO)":[14],"mobile":[15,39],"channel,":[16],"which":[17,134],"one":[19],"important":[22],"features":[23],"cluster-based":[25],"models.":[26],"In":[27],"this":[28],"paper,":[29],"we":[30],"analyze":[31],"data":[33],"collected":[34],"from":[35],"MIMO":[38],"measurement":[40,90,146],"campaign,":[41],"with":[42,88,144],"a":[43],"256-element":[44],"virtual":[45],"array":[46],"at":[47],"3.5":[48],"GHz":[49],"line":[51,57],"sight":[53,59],"(LoS)":[54],"and":[55,74,105,110,148],"non":[56],"(NLoS)":[60],"conditions,":[61],"respectively.":[62],"Firstly,":[63],"cluster-level":[65],"angular":[66],"power":[67],"spectrums":[68],"(APS),":[69],"azimuth":[70,75],"departure":[72],"(AoD)":[73],"arrival":[77],"(AoA),":[78],"are":[79,132,135],"shown":[80],"display":[82],"variation":[84],"along":[87,143],"route.":[91],"Secondly,":[92],"cluster":[96],"number":[97],"presented,":[99],"showing":[100],"changes":[102],"appearance":[104],"disappearance":[106],"clusters,":[109],"corresponding":[112],"model":[113],"based":[114],"on":[115],"birth-death":[116],"process":[117],"built.":[119],"Finally,":[120],"cumulative":[122],"density":[123],"functions":[124],"(CDF)":[125],"radii":[127],"visibility":[129],"regions":[130],"(VR)":[131],"calculated,":[133],"used":[136],"variations":[140],"VRs":[142],"route,":[147],"lognormal":[149],"distribution":[150],"fits":[151],"CDFs":[153],"well.":[154]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}