{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2020588256","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtcspring.2014.7022902","title":"Elevation Characteristics of Outdoor-to-Indoor Macrocellular Propagation Channels","display_name":"Elevation Characteristics of Outdoor-to-Indoor Macrocellular Propagation Channels","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2020588256","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtcspring.2014.7022902","mag":"2020588256"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/vtcspring.2014.7022902","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtcspring.2014.7022902","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2014 IEEE 79th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100431275","display_name":"Rui Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5723-5666"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ming Hiesh Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA","Ming Hiesh Dept. of Electr. Eng., Univ. of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ming Hiesh Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ming Hiesh Dept. of Electr. Eng., Univ. of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062897844","display_name":"Seun Sangodoyin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1215-9778"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seun Sangodoyin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ming Hiesh Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA","Ming Hiesh Dept. of Electr. Eng., Univ. of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ming Hiesh Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ming Hiesh Dept. of Electr. Eng., Univ. of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071725365","display_name":"Andreas F. Molisch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4779-4763"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andreas F. Molisch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ming Hiesh Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA","Ming Hiesh Dept. of Electr. Eng., Univ. of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ming Hiesh Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ming Hiesh Dept. of Electr. Eng., Univ. of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108080144","display_name":"Jiangzhong Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101778","display_name":"Samsung (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01bfbvm65","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973","https://openalex.org/I4210101778"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiangzhong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Samsung Telecommunications America, Dallas, TX, USA","Samsung Telecommun. America, Dallas, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samsung Telecommunications America, Dallas, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101778"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samsung Telecommun. America, Dallas, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101778"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006078818","display_name":"Young\u2010Han Nam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1959-8121"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101778","display_name":"Samsung (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01bfbvm65","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973","https://openalex.org/I4210101778"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Young-Han Nam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Samsung Telecommunications America, Dallas, TX, USA","Samsung Telecommun. America, Dallas, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samsung Telecommunications America, Dallas, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101778"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samsung Telecommun. America, Dallas, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101778"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100680420","display_name":"Juho Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0347-6998"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250650973","display_name":"Samsung (South Korea)","ror":"https://ror.org/04w3jy968","country_code":"KR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juho Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Samsung Electronics, Korea","Samsung Electron., Suwon, South Korea#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samsung Electronics, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samsung Electron., Suwon, South Korea#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4474,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8874346,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elevation","display_name":"Elevation (ballistics)","score":0.8828636407852173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/azimuth","display_name":"Azimuth","score":0.6696481704711914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ray-tracing","display_name":"Ray tracing (physics)","score":0.6273255944252014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.586599588394165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.5788887739181519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.4839054048061371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.3652536869049072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.27200812101364136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.1452036201953888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.13322657346725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.10210719704627991}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37054046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641888","display_name":"Elevation (ballistics)","level":2,"score":0.8828636407852173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159737794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124274","display_name":"Azimuth","level":2,"score":0.6696481704711914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121483023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7298343","display_name":"Ray tracing (physics)","level":2,"score":0.6273255944252014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.586599588394165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.5788887739181519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.4839054048061371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.3652536869049072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.27200812101364136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.1452036201953888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.13322657346725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.10210719704627991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/vtcspring.2014.7022902","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtcspring.2014.7022902","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2014 IEEE 79th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.8600000143051147}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308668","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1513315631","https://openalex.org/W1569826894","https://openalex.org/W1984188038","https://openalex.org/W2087998432","https://openalex.org/W2116459151","https://openalex.org/W2119108698","https://openalex.org/W2121370439","https://openalex.org/W2128513990","https://openalex.org/W2147601077","https://openalex.org/W2168575986","https://openalex.org/W3106282754","https://openalex.org/W3107179866","https://openalex.org/W3140440502","https://openalex.org/W4236800018","https://openalex.org/W6630672474"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2348542094","https://openalex.org/W2097842859","https://openalex.org/W2964887166","https://openalex.org/W2072356891","https://openalex.org/W2081270133","https://openalex.org/W2165157405","https://openalex.org/W2773932882","https://openalex.org/W2954308722","https://openalex.org/W2024335852","https://openalex.org/W2089165520"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"There":[0],"has":[1],"been":[2],"an":[3,37,135,139],"increasing":[4,23],"interest":[5],"in":[6,47,69,77],"Full-":[7],"Dimension":[8],"(FD)":[9],"MIMO,":[10],"i.e.,":[11],"exploiting":[12],"the":[13,19,24,40,51,79,112,124,127,132],"elevation":[14,41,49,67,91,94],"domain":[15],"(in":[16],"addition":[17],"to":[18,62,116],"azimuth":[20],"domain)":[21],"for":[22,32],"capacity":[25],"of":[26,39,43,84,102,130],"multi-antenna":[27],"systems.":[28],"A":[29],"first":[30],"prerequisite":[31],"designing":[33],"FD":[34],"MIMO":[35],"is":[36,142],"understanding":[38],"characteristics":[42,68,108],"wireless":[44],"propagation":[45,133],"channels,":[46],"particular":[48],"at":[50],"base":[52],"station.":[53],"This":[54],"paper":[55],"utilizes":[56],"a":[57],"state-of-art":[58],"ray-tracing":[59],"simulation":[60],"software":[61],"investigate":[63],"and":[64,81,93,138,145],"quantify":[65],"these":[66,85,103],"urban":[70],"macro":[71],"cellular":[72],"(UMa)":[73],"environments.":[74],"We":[75],"study":[76],"detail":[78],"height":[80],"distance":[82],"dependency":[83],"channel":[86],"parameters":[87,104],"such":[88],"as":[89],"mean":[90],"angle":[92],"spread.":[95],"More":[96],"importantly":[97],"we":[98,146],"find":[99],"that":[100],"several":[101],"exhibit":[105],"markedly":[106],"different":[107],"depending":[109],"on":[110],"whether":[111],"UEs":[113],"are":[114,121],"close":[115],"exterior":[117],"walls":[118],"or":[119],"they":[120],"deeper":[122],"inside":[123],"buildings.":[125],"Thus,":[126],"traditional":[128],"method":[129],"\"factoring\"":[131],"into":[134],"outdoor":[136],"part":[137,141],"indoor":[140],"not":[143],"applicable,":[144],"propose":[147],"more":[148],"accurate":[149],"fitting":[150],"equations.":[151]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
