{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2074692429","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtcspring.2013.6692638","title":"Moving Towards Mmwave-Based Beyond-4G (B-4G) Technology","display_name":"Moving Towards Mmwave-Based Beyond-4G (B-4G) Technology","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2074692429","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtcspring.2013.6692638","mag":"2074692429"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/vtcspring.2013.6692638","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtcspring.2013.6692638","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2013 IEEE 77th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078794201","display_name":"Mark Cudak","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137693","display_name":"Siemens (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04axb7e79","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325886976","https://openalex.org/I4210137693"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72090969","display_name":"Nokia (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/038km2573","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2738502077","https://openalex.org/I72090969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark Cudak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nokia Siemens Networks, IL","Nokia Siemens Networks, Arlington Heights, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nokia Siemens Networks, IL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137693","https://openalex.org/I72090969"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nokia Siemens Networks, Arlington Heights, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137693","https://openalex.org/I72090969"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055239311","display_name":"Amitava Ghosh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1623-0236"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137693","display_name":"Siemens (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04axb7e79","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325886976","https://openalex.org/I4210137693"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72090969","display_name":"Nokia (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/038km2573","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2738502077","https://openalex.org/I72090969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amitava Ghosh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nokia Siemens Networks, IL","Nokia Siemens Networks, Arlington Heights, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nokia Siemens Networks, IL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137693","https://openalex.org/I72090969"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nokia Siemens Networks, Arlington Heights, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137693","https://openalex.org/I72090969"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065831233","display_name":"Thomas Kovarik","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137693","display_name":"Siemens (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04axb7e79","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325886976","https://openalex.org/I4210137693"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72090969","display_name":"Nokia (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/038km2573","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2738502077","https://openalex.org/I72090969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Kovarik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nokia Siemens Networks, IL","Nokia Siemens Networks, Arlington Heights, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nokia Siemens Networks, IL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137693","https://openalex.org/I72090969"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nokia Siemens Networks, Arlington Heights, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137693","https://openalex.org/I72090969"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048422254","display_name":"Rapeepat Ratasuk","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137693","display_name":"Siemens (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04axb7e79","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325886976","https://openalex.org/I4210137693"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72090969","display_name":"Nokia (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/038km2573","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2738502077","https://openalex.org/I72090969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rapeepat Ratasuk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nokia Siemens Networks, IL","Nokia Siemens Networks, Arlington Heights, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nokia Siemens Networks, IL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137693","https://openalex.org/I72090969"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nokia Siemens Networks, Arlington Heights, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137693","https://openalex.org/I72090969"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044163630","display_name":"Timothy A. Thomas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1357-6095"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137693","display_name":"Siemens (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04axb7e79","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325886976","https://openalex.org/I4210137693"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72090969","display_name":"Nokia (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/038km2573","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2738502077","https://openalex.org/I72090969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Timothy A. Thomas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nokia Siemens Networks, IL","Nokia Siemens Networks, Arlington Heights, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nokia Siemens Networks, IL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137693","https://openalex.org/I72090969"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nokia Siemens Networks, Arlington Heights, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137693","https://openalex.org/I72090969"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060364124","display_name":"Frederick W. Vook","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137693","display_name":"Siemens (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04axb7e79","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325886976","https://openalex.org/I4210137693"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72090969","display_name":"Nokia (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/038km2573","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2738502077","https://openalex.org/I72090969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frederick W. Vook","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nokia Siemens Networks, IL","Nokia Siemens Networks, Arlington Heights, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nokia Siemens Networks, IL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137693","https://openalex.org/I72090969"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nokia Siemens Networks, Arlington Heights, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137693","https://openalex.org/I72090969"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043026015","display_name":"Prakash Moorut","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137693","display_name":"Siemens (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04axb7e79","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325886976","https://openalex.org/I4210137693"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72090969","display_name":"Nokia (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/038km2573","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2738502077","https://openalex.org/I72090969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Prakash Moorut","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nokia Siemens Networks, IL","Nokia Siemens Networks, Arlington Heights, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nokia Siemens Networks, IL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137693","https://openalex.org/I72090969"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nokia Siemens Networks, Arlington Heights, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137693","https://openalex.org/I72090969"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":83,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10262","display_name":"Microwave Engineering and Waveguides","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backhaul","display_name":"Backhaul (telecommunications)","score":0.7986136674880981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extremely-high-frequency","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","score":0.7045932412147522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5156113505363464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amplifier","display_name":"Amplifier","score":0.49738767743110657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.48526713252067566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.48404258489608765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microwave","display_name":"Microwave","score":0.4596433639526367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gigabit","display_name":"Gigabit","score":0.4313850998878479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/broadband","display_name":"Broadband","score":0.4294990003108978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.4193829596042633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-spectrum","display_name":"Radio spectrum","score":0.4185613691806793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/millimeter","display_name":"Millimeter","score":0.41310831904411316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.39548730850219727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.37515076994895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.2101576328277588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.19286248087882996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.1597142517566681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.1294730007648468}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103760667","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q798444","display_name":"Backhaul (telecommunications)","level":3,"score":0.7986136674880981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45764600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q570342","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","level":2,"score":0.7045932412147522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5156113505363464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194257627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211554","display_name":"Amplifier","level":3,"score":0.49738767743110657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.48526713252067566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.48404258489608765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44838205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127995","display_name":"Microwave","level":2,"score":0.4596433639526367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21922175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3105497","display_name":"Gigabit","level":2,"score":0.4313850998878479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509933004","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194163","display_name":"Broadband","level":2,"score":0.4294990003108978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.4193829596042633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92545706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902174","display_name":"Radio spectrum","level":2,"score":0.4185613691806793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109792285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174789","display_name":"Millimeter","level":2,"score":0.41310831904411316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.39548730850219727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.37515076994895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2101576328277588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.19286248087882996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.1597142517566681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.1294730007648468}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/vtcspring.2013.6692638","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtcspring.2013.6692638","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2013 IEEE 77th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.47999998927116394}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1980231160","https://openalex.org/W1999162236","https://openalex.org/W2040621389","https://openalex.org/W2045089915","https://openalex.org/W2079360231","https://openalex.org/W2087919239","https://openalex.org/W2095843437","https://openalex.org/W2108078937","https://openalex.org/W2110468965","https://openalex.org/W2135517533","https://openalex.org/W2155922905","https://openalex.org/W3150143324"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2317169686","https://openalex.org/W3153565398","https://openalex.org/W1185324648","https://openalex.org/W2539553997","https://openalex.org/W3159902002","https://openalex.org/W3208155863","https://openalex.org/W2363237216","https://openalex.org/W2033762247","https://openalex.org/W2530392398","https://openalex.org/W2070366004"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Availability":[0],"of":[1,82,102,115,123],"large":[2],"untapped":[3],"spectrum":[4],"resources":[5],"in":[6,53,126,150],"the":[7,83,89,96,108,113,151],"millimeter":[8,32,103,152],"wave":[9,33,153],"(Mmwave)":[10],"band":[11,154],"is":[12,106,132,167],"suitable":[13],"for":[14,45,112,144,155,195],"providing":[15],"a":[16,119,127,142],"gigabit":[17],"experience":[18],"with":[19,190],"true":[20],"local":[21,147,196],"feel":[22],"using":[23],"high":[24],"capacity":[25],"small":[26,172],"cells.":[27],"Unlike":[28],"traditional":[29],"cellular":[30],"systems,":[31],"transmissions":[34],"do":[35],"not":[36],"benefit":[37],"from":[38],"diffraction":[39],"and":[40,72,158,163,178,186],"dispersion":[41],"making":[42],"it":[43],"difficult":[44],"them":[46],"to":[47,65],"propagate":[48],"around":[49],"obstacles":[50],"thus":[51],"resulting":[52],"higher":[54,77,121],"shadowing":[55],"loss.":[56],"They":[57],"also":[58],"have":[59],"less":[60,192],"favorable":[61],"link":[62],"budgets":[63],"due":[64],"lower":[66,94],"power":[67],"amplifier":[68],"(PA)":[69],"output":[70],"powers":[71],"greater":[73,182],"pathloss":[74],"at":[75,134],"these":[76],"frequencies.":[78],"Also,":[79],"current":[80],"costs":[81,90],"Mmwave":[84,170],"circuits":[85],"are":[86],"higher,":[87],"but":[88],"will":[91],"become":[92],"much":[93,120,128],"when":[95],"technology":[97,174],"becomes":[98],"mainstream.":[99],"One":[100],"advantage":[101],"wave,":[104],"however,":[105],"that":[107,169],"smaller":[109,129],"wavelengths":[110],"allow":[111],"fabrication":[114],"antenna":[116,124],"arrays":[117],"having":[118],"number":[122],"elements":[125],"area":[130,148,197],"than":[131,183,193],"typical":[133],"microwave":[135],"bands.":[136],"In":[137],"this":[138],"article,":[139],"we":[140],"outline":[141],"framework":[143],"Beyond-4G":[145],"(B-4G)":[146],"network":[149],"both":[156],"access":[157],"backhaul":[159],"including":[160],"air-interface,":[161],"antenna-arrays":[162],"IC":[164],"technology.":[165],"It":[166],"shown":[168],"B-4G":[171],"cell":[173,179],"can":[175],"provide":[176],"peak":[177],"edge":[180],"rates":[181],"10":[184],"Gbps":[185],"100":[187],"Mbps":[188],"respectively":[189],"latency":[191],"1msec":[194],"network.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}