{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2983998581","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtcfall.2019.8891403","title":"Cost Minimization with Offloading to Vehicles in two-Tier Federated Edge and Vehicular-Fog Systems","display_name":"Cost Minimization with Offloading to Vehicles in two-Tier Federated Edge and Vehicular-Fog Systems","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2983998581","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtcfall.2019.8891403","mag":"2983998581"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/vtcfall.2019.8891403","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtcfall.2019.8891403","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE 90th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2019-Fall)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021844836","display_name":"Ying\u2010Dar Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5226-4396"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148366613","display_name":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University","ror":"https://ror.org/00se2k293","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ying-Dar Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan","National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019792516","display_name":"Jui-Chung Hu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148366613","display_name":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University","ror":"https://ror.org/00se2k293","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jui-Chung Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan","National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010959998","display_name":"Binayak Kar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0534-6652"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148366613","display_name":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University","ror":"https://ror.org/00se2k293","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Binayak Kar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan","National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064549721","display_name":"Li\u2010Hsing Yen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2518-1728"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148366613","display_name":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University","ror":"https://ror.org/00se2k293","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li-Hsing Yen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan","National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5021844836"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.7855,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9144668,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11942","display_name":"Transportation and Mobility Innovations","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8134250044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.641612708568573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.6050189733505249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.5099872350692749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-computing","display_name":"Edge computing","score":0.508649468421936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.4979579448699951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/integer-programming","display_name":"Integer programming","score":0.4944427013397217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-device","display_name":"Edge device","score":0.48278963565826416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/queueing-theory","display_name":"Queueing theory","score":0.46148955821990967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.41783973574638367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3262749910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.24870967864990234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.12170818448066711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.09371891617774963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.06627199053764343}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8134250044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.641612708568573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.6050189733505249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.5099872350692749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.508649468421936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.4979579448699951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56086750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6042592","display_name":"Integer programming","level":2,"score":0.4944427013397217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138236772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098575","display_name":"Edge device","level":3,"score":0.48278963565826416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22684755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q847526","display_name":"Queueing theory","level":2,"score":0.46148955821990967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.41783973574638367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3262749910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.24870967864990234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.12170818448066711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.09371891617774963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.06627199053764343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/vtcfall.2019.8891403","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtcfall.2019.8891403","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE 90th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2019-Fall)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.5,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W140166402","https://openalex.org/W2052763589","https://openalex.org/W2075026607","https://openalex.org/W2131646073","https://openalex.org/W2312784726","https://openalex.org/W2343050074","https://openalex.org/W2509527900","https://openalex.org/W2751904527","https://openalex.org/W2768475350","https://openalex.org/W2889849156","https://openalex.org/W2901380461","https://openalex.org/W6669338653"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3154796165","https://openalex.org/W4322761281","https://openalex.org/W4238233472","https://openalex.org/W4313526662","https://openalex.org/W3111395152","https://openalex.org/W4312996489","https://openalex.org/W3106131444","https://openalex.org/W3216099748","https://openalex.org/W4205963435","https://openalex.org/W4313463379"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Vehicular-fog":[0],"system":[1,15],"consists":[2],"of":[3,40,46,121],"vehicles":[4,41],"with":[5,146],"computing":[6],"resources":[7],"that":[8],"are":[9],"mostly":[10],"under-utilized.":[11],"Therefore,":[12],"an":[13,79,104],"edge":[14,139],"may":[16],"offload":[17],"some":[18],"workloads":[19,47],"for":[20],"remote":[21],"execution":[22],"at":[23],"nearby":[24],"vehicular-":[25],"fogs.":[26],"Whether":[27],"this":[28,53,85,95],"is":[29],"cost-effective":[30],"depends":[31],"on":[32],"not":[33],"only":[34],"the":[35,44,109,119,126,133,138],"costs":[36],"and":[37,48,61,66,125,136],"computation":[38],"capacities":[39],"but":[42],"also":[43],"amount":[45],"associated":[49],"latency":[50,74,148],"constraint.":[51,149],"In":[52],"paper,":[54],"we":[55,102],"consider":[56],"a":[57,87],"two-tier":[58],"federated":[59],"Edge":[60],"Vehicular-":[62],"Fog":[63],"(EVF)":[64],"architecture":[65,117,135],"aim":[67],"to":[68,86,132,140],"minimize":[69],"overall":[70],"cost":[71,120,128],"while":[72],"meeting":[73],"constraint":[75],"by":[76,123,129],"setting":[77],"up":[78],"appropriate":[80],"offloading":[81],"configuration.":[82],"We":[83],"model":[84],"singleobjective":[88],"mixed":[89,96],"integer":[90,97],"programming":[91],"problem.":[92],"To":[93],"solve":[94],"problem":[98],"in":[99],"real":[100],"time":[101],"propose":[103],"iterative":[105],"greedy":[106],"algorithm":[107],"using":[108],"queuing":[110],"model.":[111],"The":[112],"results":[113],"show,":[114],"our":[115],"proposed":[116],"reduces":[118],"vehicular-fogs":[122],"40\u00e2\u20ac\"45%":[124],"total":[127],"35\u00e2\u20ac\"40%":[130],"compared":[131],"existing":[134],"help":[137],"provide":[141],"services":[142],"beyond":[143],"its":[144],"capacity":[145],"specified":[147]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
