{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2809808292","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtcfall.2018.8690896","title":"Power Imbalance Detection in Smart Grid via Grid Frequency Deviations: A Hidden Markov Model Based Approach","display_name":"Power Imbalance Detection in Smart Grid via Grid Frequency Deviations: A Hidden Markov Model Based Approach","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2809808292","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtcfall.2018.8690896","mag":"2809808292"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/vtcfall.2018.8690896","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtcfall.2018.8690896","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 IEEE 88th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC-Fall)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1807.00862","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109409584","display_name":"Shah Hassan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1323252656","display_name":"Information Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ngv8j44","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1323252656"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shah Hassan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical engineering department, Information Technology University, Lahore, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical engineering department, Information Technology University, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1323252656"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026616383","display_name":"Hadia Sajjad","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1323252656","display_name":"Information Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ngv8j44","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1323252656"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hadia Sajjad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical engineering department, Information Technology University, Lahore, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical engineering department, Information Technology University, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1323252656"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023667617","display_name":"Muhammad Mahboob Ur Rahman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6768-0886"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1323252656","display_name":"Information Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ngv8j44","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1323252656"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Mahboob Ur Rahman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical engineering department, Information Technology University, Lahore, Pakistan","Information Technology University, Lahore, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical engineering department, Information Technology University, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1323252656"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Technology University, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1323252656"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5109409584"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1323252656"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.05777491,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12277","display_name":"Frequency Control in Power Systems","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12277","display_name":"Frequency Control in Power Systems","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10305","display_name":"Power System Optimization and Stability","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standard-deviation","display_name":"Standard deviation","score":0.7034965753555298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/viterbi-algorithm","display_name":"Viterbi algorithm","score":0.6709462404251099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-deviation","display_name":"Frequency deviation","score":0.6709237098693848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hidden-markov-model","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","score":0.6389040946960449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-grid","display_name":"Frequency grid","score":0.483607679605484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4679027497768402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.45828455686569214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-chain","display_name":"Markov chain","score":0.45333394408226013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.4528317451477051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.44238030910491943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.43110886216163635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.2781780958175659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-frequency-control","display_name":"Automatic frequency control","score":0.11774268746376038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.10681465268135071}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22679943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159375","display_name":"Standard deviation","level":2,"score":0.7034965753555298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60582962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83886","display_name":"Viterbi algorithm","level":3,"score":0.6709462404251099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123919525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q761942","display_name":"Frequency deviation","level":3,"score":0.6709237098693848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.6389040946960449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21905445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5502873","display_name":"Frequency grid","level":3,"score":0.483607679605484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4679027497768402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.45828455686569214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98763669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov chain","level":2,"score":0.45333394408226013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.4528317451477051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.44238030910491943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.43110886216163635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.2781780958175659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25915539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220786","display_name":"Automatic frequency control","level":2,"score":0.11774268746376038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.10681465268135071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/vtcfall.2018.8690896","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtcfall.2018.8690896","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 IEEE 88th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC-Fall)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1807.00862","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1807.00862","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1807.00862","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:2809808292","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1807.00862","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.1807.00862","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1807.00862","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1807.00862","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1807.00862","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1807.00862","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4399999976158142,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1528533826","https://openalex.org/W1979542843","https://openalex.org/W2098553889","https://openalex.org/W2122032342","https://openalex.org/W2160308845","https://openalex.org/W2164961065","https://openalex.org/W2255632517","https://openalex.org/W6629844358"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2167960733","https://openalex.org/W294891284","https://openalex.org/W1507434582","https://openalex.org/W3185509304","https://openalex.org/W2187187200","https://openalex.org/W2184820228","https://openalex.org/W1498005517","https://openalex.org/W2029415566","https://openalex.org/W2161041354","https://openalex.org/W2018682031","https://openalex.org/W2963609360","https://openalex.org/W216832505","https://openalex.org/W1926565318","https://openalex.org/W2151688858","https://openalex.org/W2795880612","https://openalex.org/W233173899","https://openalex.org/W3086315771","https://openalex.org/W1508035405","https://openalex.org/W2609102520","https://openalex.org/W2162497469"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,32,121,146],"detect":[1],"the":[2,5,9,21,35,58,99,102,107,124,127,132,139,149,157,166,170,177],"deviation":[3,56,73,88],"of":[4,20,38,101,126,156,180,190],"grid":[6,39,108,158],"frequency":[7,40],"from":[8,57],"nominal":[10,59],"value":[11],"(i.e.,":[12,24,69,83],"50":[13],"Hz),":[14],"which":[15,45,135],"itself":[16],"is":[17,49,71,85,183],"an":[18],"indicator":[19],"power":[22,27],"imbalance":[23],"mismatch":[25],"between":[26],"generation":[28],"and":[29,80],"load":[30],"demand).":[31],"first":[33],"pass":[34],"noisy":[36],"estimates":[37],"through":[41,169],"a":[42,77,86,114],"hypothesis":[43,62,103,128,191],"test":[44,129],"decides":[46],"whether":[47],"there":[48,70,84],"no":[50,72,92],"deviation,":[51,53],"positive":[52],"or":[54],"negative":[55],"value.":[60],"The":[61],"testing":[63],"incurs":[64],"miss-classification":[65],"errors--":[66],"false":[67],"alarms":[68],"but":[74,89],"we":[75,90,105],"declare":[76,91],"positive/negative":[78,87],"deviation),":[79],"missed":[81],"detections":[82],"deviation).":[93],"Therefore,":[94],"to":[95,138],"improve":[96],"further":[97],"upon":[98],"performance":[100],"test,":[104],"represent":[106],"frequency's":[109],"fluctuations":[110],"over":[111],"time":[112,116],"as":[113],"discrete-":[115],"hidden":[117,150],"Markov":[118,151],"model":[119],"(HMM).":[120],"note":[122],"that":[123,176,189],"outcomes":[125],"are":[130,136],"actually":[131],"emitted":[133],"symbols,":[134],"related":[137],"true":[140,154],"states":[141],"via":[142,160],"emission":[143],"probability":[144],"matrix.":[145],"then":[147],"estimate":[148],"sequence":[152],"(the":[153],"values":[155],"frequency)":[159],"maximum":[161],"likelihood":[162],"method":[163],"by":[164],"passing":[165],"observed/emitted":[167],"symbols":[168],"Viterbi":[171,181],"decoder.":[172],"Simulations":[173],"results":[174],"show":[175],"mean":[178],"accuracy":[179],"algorithm":[182],"at":[184],"least":[185],"$5$\\%":[186],"greater":[187],"than":[188],"test.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}