{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2940344824","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtcfall.2018.8690704","title":"Indoor Occupancy Estimation Using Visible Light Sensing (VLS) System","display_name":"Indoor Occupancy Estimation Using Visible Light Sensing (VLS) System","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2940344824","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtcfall.2018.8690704","mag":"2940344824"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/vtcfall.2018.8690704","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtcfall.2018.8690704","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 IEEE 88th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC-Fall)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038382768","display_name":"Mohammad Al Mestiraihi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115475287","display_name":"Oklahoma State University","ror":"https://ror.org/01g9vbr38","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115475287"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Al Mestiraihi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115475287"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057167967","display_name":"Hisham Abuella","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8248-0607"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115475287","display_name":"Oklahoma State University","ror":"https://ror.org/01g9vbr38","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115475287"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hisham Abuella","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115475287"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014255349","display_name":"Sabit Ekin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9957-7752"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115475287","display_name":"Oklahoma State University","ror":"https://ror.org/01g9vbr38","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115475287"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sabit Ekin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115475287"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5038382768"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115475287"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3863,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.65348853,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12546","display_name":"Smart Parking Systems Research","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11963","display_name":"Impact of Light on Environment and Health","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/occupancy","display_name":"Occupancy","score":0.8718793392181396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cumulative-distribution-function","display_name":"Cumulative distribution function","score":0.723432183265686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.5344528555870056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.5290992259979248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/divergence","display_name":"Divergence (linguistics)","score":0.5101156830787659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probability-density-function","display_name":"Probability density function","score":0.5000298023223877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.4999430179595947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4970300495624542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.353180468082428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.3376811742782593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.32763931155204773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.26419076323509216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.23867511749267578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.23554807901382446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13323965668678284}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160331591","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7075743","display_name":"Occupancy","level":2,"score":0.8718793392181396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103784038","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q386228","display_name":"Cumulative distribution function","level":3,"score":0.723432183265686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.5344528555870056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5290992259979248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207390915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230525","display_name":"Divergence (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5101156830787659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197055811","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207522","display_name":"Probability density function","level":2,"score":0.5000298023223877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.4999430179595947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4970300495624542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.353180468082428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.3376811742782593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.32763931155204773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.26419076323509216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.23867511749267578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.23554807901382446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13323965668678284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170154142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150737","display_name":"Architectural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/vtcfall.2018.8690704","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtcfall.2018.8690704","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 IEEE 88th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC-Fall)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309482","display_name":"Oklahoma State University","ror":"https://ror.org/045ntgf29"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W958993015","https://openalex.org/W1912497050","https://openalex.org/W1972440681","https://openalex.org/W1984649364","https://openalex.org/W1989115430","https://openalex.org/W2094438648","https://openalex.org/W2100303002","https://openalex.org/W2108611194","https://openalex.org/W2116092561","https://openalex.org/W2120815373","https://openalex.org/W2126693585","https://openalex.org/W2346191743","https://openalex.org/W2513282446","https://openalex.org/W2619151842","https://openalex.org/W2737044733","https://openalex.org/W2741951120","https://openalex.org/W2782614318","https://openalex.org/W2938423815","https://openalex.org/W2995136929","https://openalex.org/W3024018030","https://openalex.org/W4297662257","https://openalex.org/W4300223101"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2533382088","https://openalex.org/W4213267843","https://openalex.org/W1980528650","https://openalex.org/W3102213005","https://openalex.org/W2168519368","https://openalex.org/W2036854414","https://openalex.org/W2392327107","https://openalex.org/W192702211","https://openalex.org/W2753355162","https://openalex.org/W3129080429"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,135,151],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"a":[3,28,33,36,86,182],"new":[4],"occupancy":[5,101,138,187],"estimation":[6,139],"technique":[7],"based":[8],"on":[9,42,102],"visible":[10,17,37],"light":[11,18,38,56],"sensing":[12,39],"(VLS)":[13],"is":[14,22,93,140,164],"presented.":[15],"A":[16],"source":[19,57],"(e.g.,":[20],"LED)":[21],"utilized":[23],"as":[24,32],"the":[25,43,48,51,55,60,64,78,82,90,97,103,108,132,154,158,162,167,174,191,194],"transmitter":[26],"and":[27,58,72,105,116,148],"photo-detector":[29],"(PD)":[30],"used":[31],"receiver,":[34],"forming":[35],"system.":[40],"Depending":[41],"number":[44],"of":[45,77,89,99,107,157,193],"people":[46],"in":[47,127,161,185],"room":[49,100,137,176,186],"crossing":[50],"line-of-sight":[52],"LOS":[53],"(between":[54],"PD),":[59],"received":[61,79,91,109,113,159,169,195],"power":[62,80,92,114,160,170],"at":[63,81],"receiver":[65,83],"change.":[66,84],"Consequently,":[67],"probability":[68],"density":[69],"function":[70,75],"(PDF)":[71],"cumulative":[73],"distribution":[74],"(CDF)":[76],"First,":[85],"theoretical":[87,133],"analysis":[88],"developed":[94],"to":[95],"incorporate":[96],"impact":[98],"PDF":[104,115,156,192],"CDF":[106,117],"power.":[110,196],"Second,":[111],"these":[112,152],"expressions":[118],"are":[119,126],"compared":[120,165],"with":[121,166],"simulation":[122],"results.":[123],"Both":[124],"results":[125],"perfect":[128],"agreement":[129],"that":[130],"verifies":[131],"analysis.":[134],"addition,":[136],"performed":[141],"by":[142],"using":[143],"two":[144],"methods,":[145,153],"namely":[146],"Kullback-Leibler(KL)-divergence":[147],"Euclidean":[149],"distance.":[150],"stored":[155],"database":[163],"measured":[168],"PDF,":[171],"which":[172],"reveals":[173],"estimated":[175],"occupancy.":[177],"It":[178],"was":[179],"shown":[180],"how":[181],"slight":[183],"variation":[184],"can":[188],"dramatically":[189],"alter":[190]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-01-13T01:12:25.745995","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}