{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2939805904","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtcfall.2018.8690657","title":"Predicting Steering Actions for Self-Driving Cars Through Deep Learning","display_name":"Predicting Steering Actions for Self-Driving Cars Through Deep Learning","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2939805904","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtcfall.2018.8690657","mag":"2939805904"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/vtcfall.2018.8690657","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtcfall.2018.8690657","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 IEEE 88th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC-Fall)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029492894","display_name":"Chaojie Ou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7481-9428"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chaojie Ou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022916681","display_name":"Safaa M. Bedawi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Safaa Mahmoud Bedawi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050878823","display_name":"Arief Koesdwiady","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arief B. Koesdwiady","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067077979","display_name":"Fakhri Karray","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4217-1372"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fakhri Karray","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5029492894"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3134,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.64435475,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10812","display_name":"Human Pose and Action Recognition","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10812","display_name":"Human Pose and Action Recognition","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-driving","display_name":"Self driving","score":0.6737073659896851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6306194067001343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.36442849040031433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.26267075538635254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.206089586019516}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018391801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q741490","display_name":"Self driving","level":2,"score":0.6737073659896851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6306194067001343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.36442849040031433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.26267075538635254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.206089586019516}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/vtcfall.2018.8690657","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtcfall.2018.8690657","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 IEEE 88th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC-Fall)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W28988658","https://openalex.org/W845365781","https://openalex.org/W1522734439","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1855115939","https://openalex.org/W1910108985","https://openalex.org/W1923404803","https://openalex.org/W1943054406","https://openalex.org/W1947481528","https://openalex.org/W1983364832","https://openalex.org/W2016053056","https://openalex.org/W2119112357","https://openalex.org/W2133233905","https://openalex.org/W2156303437","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2167224731","https://openalex.org/W2342662179","https://openalex.org/W2342840547","https://openalex.org/W2343381408","https://openalex.org/W2343781317","https://openalex.org/W2517190429","https://openalex.org/W2559767995","https://openalex.org/W2562137921","https://openalex.org/W2567575208","https://openalex.org/W2573790557","https://openalex.org/W2963420948","https://openalex.org/W4299978048","https://openalex.org/W6638897846","https://openalex.org/W6682864246","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6726293912"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W3047375952","https://openalex.org/W4288634015","https://openalex.org/W3138110502","https://openalex.org/W2909676666","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W2382290278"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"propose":[1],"a":[2,44],"visual-based":[3],"end":[4,6],"to":[5,17,61,170,184],"lane":[7],"following":[8],"system":[9],"which":[10],"fuses":[11],"temporal":[12],"and":[13,20,121],"spatial":[14],"visual":[15,38,78,158],"information":[16,57,100,108,117,135,159],"predict":[18,27,62,171],"current":[19,37],"future":[21,69,172],"control":[22,28,65,153,173],"variables.":[23],"Previous":[24],"works":[25],"only":[26],"variables":[29,174],"for":[30,118,127],"the":[31,36,52,63,80,96,110,119,122,128,150,162,179,185],"next":[32],"time":[33,103],"point":[34],"with":[35,75,88,92,132,152,175],"information.":[39],"In":[40],"contrast,":[41],"based":[42],"on":[43],"long-term":[45],"recurrent":[46],"convolutional":[47],"neural":[48,81],"network,":[49],"we":[50],"investigate":[51],"effect":[53],"of":[54,58,98,109,115],"fusing":[55],"history":[56,77,99,107,134],"different":[59,68],"lengths":[60],"imminent":[64],"variable":[66],"in":[67],"horizons.":[70],"Experimental":[71],"results":[72],"show":[73],"that":[74,95,155,166],"long":[76],"information,":[79],"network":[82],"can":[83],"approximate":[84],"human":[85],"driving":[86],"behaviours":[87],"high":[89],"precision.":[90],"Consistent":[91],"intuition":[93],"is":[94,114,136,168],"influence":[97],"declines":[101],"as":[102,160],"moves":[104],"forward.":[105],"Meanwhile,":[106],"past":[111],"0.6":[112],"seconds":[113,189],"most":[116],"prediction,":[120],"Mean":[123],"Square":[124],"Error":[125],"(MSE)":[126],"steering":[129,186],"command":[130,187],"prediction":[131,181],"0.6s":[133],"8.378":[137],"\u00d7":[138],"10":[139],"<sup":[140,144],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[141,145],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">-3</sup>":[142],"m":[143],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">-1</sup>":[146],".":[147],"By":[148],"training":[149],"model":[151],"signals":[154],"lag":[156],"behind":[157],"targets,":[161],"testing":[163],"result":[164],"shows":[165],"it":[167],"possible":[169],"great":[176],"accuracy,":[177],"while":[178],"best":[180],"accuracy":[182],"happens":[183],"0.4":[188],"later.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}