{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2963389033","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtcfall.2018.8690614","title":"Performance Loss of Hybrid Beamforming with Imperfect Phase Shifters in Millimeter Wave Systems","display_name":"Performance Loss of Hybrid Beamforming with Imperfect Phase Shifters in Millimeter Wave Systems","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2963389033","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtcfall.2018.8690614","mag":"2963389033"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/vtcfall.2018.8690614","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtcfall.2018.8690614","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 IEEE 88th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC-Fall)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101928951","display_name":"Wendi Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wendi Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101402784","display_name":"Huarui Yin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0506-5930"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huarui Yin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100375178","display_name":"Xiaohui Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3239-2558"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaohui Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100432932","display_name":"Weidong Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3550-0625"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weidong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101928951"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7725,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7499765,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10262","display_name":"Microwave Engineering and Waveguides","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.7964150905609131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-shift-module","display_name":"Phase shift module","score":0.6798604726791382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5949859023094177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.5701614022254944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baseband","display_name":"Baseband","score":0.5633514523506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectral-efficiency","display_name":"Spectral efficiency","score":0.5471519231796265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.5167962312698364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extremely-high-frequency","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","score":0.50103759765625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase","display_name":"Phase (matter)","score":0.43372076749801636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.4335467219352722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/array-gain","display_name":"Array gain","score":0.42467573285102844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.4125729203224182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.3056846261024475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna-array","display_name":"Antenna array","score":0.29391324520111084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.2726690173149109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.21356678009033203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.2000238001346588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.19109952449798584}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.7964150905609131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103864889","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4480524","display_name":"Phase shift module","level":3,"score":0.6798604726791382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5949859023094177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.5701614022254944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65165936","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q575784","display_name":"Baseband","level":3,"score":0.5633514523506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137246740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q583970","display_name":"Spectral efficiency","level":3,"score":0.5471519231796265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.5167962312698364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45764600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q570342","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","level":2,"score":0.50103759765625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.43372076749801636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.4335467219352722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136664719","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4795880","display_name":"Array gain","level":4,"score":0.42467573285102844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.4125729203224182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3056846261024475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62191587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4771249","display_name":"Antenna array","level":3,"score":0.29391324520111084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.2726690173149109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.21356678009033203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.2000238001346588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.19109952449798584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44838205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127995","display_name":"Microwave","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/vtcfall.2018.8690614","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtcfall.2018.8690614","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 IEEE 88th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC-Fall)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7200000286102295,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1921359321","https://openalex.org/W2053521124","https://openalex.org/W2116334496","https://openalex.org/W2368600038","https://openalex.org/W2517686986","https://openalex.org/W2591812953","https://openalex.org/W2624726076","https://openalex.org/W2645161951","https://openalex.org/W2766061061","https://openalex.org/W2962785465"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2204547643","https://openalex.org/W1497578837","https://openalex.org/W4293208944","https://openalex.org/W4294892273","https://openalex.org/W2355697382","https://openalex.org/W2368851831","https://openalex.org/W2157434987","https://openalex.org/W2978186478","https://openalex.org/W2622425222","https://openalex.org/W1625913300"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Hybrid":[0],"beamforming(HBF)":[1],"is":[2,33,106],"widely":[3],"adopted":[4],"for":[5,124],"power":[6],"saving":[7],"and":[8,25,58,100,115,129],"cost":[9],"reduction":[10],"in":[11,21,28,48,92],"millimetre":[12],"wave(mmWave)":[13],"massive":[14,78],"MIMO":[15,79],"systems.":[16,80],"It":[17],"includes":[18],"analog":[19],"beamforming":[20,27],"phase":[22,42,50,70],"shifted":[23,31],"array":[24,32],"digital":[26],"baseband.":[29],"Phase":[30],"usually":[34],"made":[35],"up":[36],"with":[37],"a":[38,107],"large":[39],"amount":[40],"of":[41,68,75,86,89],"shifters.":[43],"Due":[44],"to":[45,54,112],"production":[46],"process":[47],"mmWave,":[49],"shifters":[51],"are":[52],"unavoidable":[53],"have":[55],"phase-shifting":[56,113],"error":[57,114],"gain":[59,116],"error.":[60,117],"In":[61],"the":[62,66,73,76,83,87,97,126,130],"paper":[63],"we":[64],"study":[65],"influence":[67],"imperfect":[69],"shifter":[71],"upon":[72],"performance":[74],"mmWave":[77],"We":[81],"derived":[82],"closed-form":[84],"expression":[85],"loss":[88],"spectral":[90,108],"efficiency":[91,109],"multi-stream":[93],"point-to-point":[94],"scenario.":[95],"Both":[96],"theoretical":[98],"results":[99,102],"simulation":[101],"show":[103],"that":[104],"there":[105],"ceiling":[110],"due":[111],"The":[118],"analytic":[119],"procedure":[120],"can":[121],"be":[122],"applied":[123],"both":[125],"sparse":[127],"channel":[128],"rich-scattering":[131],"channel.":[132]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}