{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414646933","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2025-spring65109.2025.11174924","title":"Receiver-Agnostic Specific Emitter Identification via Latent Distribution Mixing in Frequency Domain","display_name":"Receiver-Agnostic Specific Emitter Identification via Latent Distribution Mixing in Frequency Domain","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414646933","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2025-spring65109.2025.11174924"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/vtc2025-spring65109.2025.11174924","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2025-spring65109.2025.11174924","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE 101st Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2025-Spring)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100307459","display_name":"Hong Wan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4156-9981"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hong Wan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, NJUPT,Nanjing,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, NJUPT,Nanjing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111340699","display_name":"Zhenxin Cai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenxin Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University,Nanjing,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University,Nanjing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101728536","display_name":"Wei Lv","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1462-3842"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenda Lv","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing Great Information Technology Co. Ltd,AI Research Center,Nanjing,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing Great Information Technology Co. Ltd,AI Research Center,Nanjing,China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101776157","display_name":"Wengang Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6673-6326"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wengang Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing Great Information Technology Co. Ltd,AI Research Center,Nanjing,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing Great Information Technology Co. Ltd,AI Research Center,Nanjing,China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016168727","display_name":"Zhiyi Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2117-4101"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiyi Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing Great Information Technology Co. Ltd,AI Research Center,Nanjing,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing Great Information Technology Co. Ltd,AI Research Center,Nanjing,China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102010856","display_name":"Hao Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6729-1987"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, NJUPT,Nanjing,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, NJUPT,Nanjing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102817545","display_name":"Yu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6173-1929"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, NJUPT,Nanjing,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, NJUPT,Nanjing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027367677","display_name":"Guan Gui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3888-2881"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guan Gui","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, NJUPT,Nanjing,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, NJUPT,Nanjing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100307459"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.14727199,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9855999946594238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9855999946594238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.7635999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-domain","display_name":"Frequency domain","score":0.6247000098228455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mixing","display_name":"Mixing (physics)","score":0.5665000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5597000122070312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.48179998993873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fourier-transform","display_name":"Fourier transform","score":0.4754999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/common-emitter","display_name":"Common emitter","score":0.45509999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-vector","display_name":"Feature vector","score":0.4514000117778778}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.7635999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19118579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786423","display_name":"Frequency domain","level":2,"score":0.6247000098228455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5806999802589417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138777275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6884054","display_name":"Mixing (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5665000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5597000122070312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.48179998993873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102519508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6520159","display_name":"Fourier transform","level":2,"score":0.4754999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4738999903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46918542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1648344","display_name":"Common emitter","level":2,"score":0.45509999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83665646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42139305","display_name":"Feature vector","level":2,"score":0.4514000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.4327999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.3919000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103824480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185889","display_name":"Time domain","level":2,"score":0.3912999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3714999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.36410000920295715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142433447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7806653","display_name":"Time\u2013frequency analysis","level":3,"score":0.35339999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.329800009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.3278000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.3230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110121322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.31139999628067017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.27570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.259799987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.2524000108242035}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/vtc2025-spring65109.2025.11174924","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2025-spring65109.2025.11174924","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE 101st Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2025-Spring)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1917532482","https://openalex.org/W1980035202","https://openalex.org/W2911471242","https://openalex.org/W2968945589","https://openalex.org/W2981876784","https://openalex.org/W2998115938","https://openalex.org/W3006541201","https://openalex.org/W3169313989","https://openalex.org/W3185153723","https://openalex.org/W4214569028","https://openalex.org/W4225730496","https://openalex.org/W4300468236","https://openalex.org/W4311080746","https://openalex.org/W4375839990","https://openalex.org/W4378805027","https://openalex.org/W4386495285","https://openalex.org/W4389370957","https://openalex.org/W4395096388","https://openalex.org/W4399618503","https://openalex.org/W4402892249"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Specific":[0],"emitter":[1],"identification":[2],"(SEI)":[3],"is":[4],"a":[5,93,151,155,175],"crucial":[6],"technique":[7],"for":[8,31,178],"recognizing":[9],"individual":[10],"emitters":[11],"based":[12],"on":[13,62,150],"the":[14,28,112,131,138,170],"unique":[15],"characteristics":[16],"of":[17,158],"their":[18],"radio":[19],"frequency":[20],"signals.":[21],"Deep":[22],"learning":[23],"(DL)-based":[24],"SEI":[25,95,179],"has":[26],"become":[27],"dominant":[29],"method":[30,149,173],"identifying":[32],"and":[33,49],"authenticating":[34],"wireless":[35],"devices.":[36],"However,":[37],"in":[38,105,130,181],"real-world":[39],"applications,":[40],"electromagnetic":[41],"signals":[42,118],"are":[43,65],"subject":[44],"to":[45,55,67,84,101,115,134,140,142],"dynamic":[46],"channel":[47],"conditions":[48],"variations":[50],"across":[51,128],"different":[52],"receivers,":[53],"leading":[54],"significant":[56],"performance":[57,157],"degradation":[58],"when":[59],"models":[60],"trained":[61],"specific":[63],"datasets":[64],"applied":[66],"new,":[68],"unseen":[69],"environments.":[70],"This":[71],"variability":[72],"challenges":[73],"traditional":[74],"DL":[75],"methods,":[76],"making":[77],"domain":[78,143,162],"generalization":[79,104,163],"(DG)":[80],"an":[81],"essential":[82],"approach":[83,109],"tackle":[85],"this":[86,89],"issue.":[87],"In":[88],"paper,":[90],"we":[91],"propose":[92],"robust":[94],"method,":[96],"latent":[97,125],"distribution":[98],"mixing":[99],"(LDM),":[100],"enhance":[102],"model":[103,139],"receiver-agnostic":[106],"scenarios.":[107,183],"Our":[108,184],"first":[110],"applies":[111],"Fourier":[113],"transform":[114],"convert":[116],"time-domain":[117],"into":[119],"frequency-domain":[120],"representations.":[121],"Then,":[122],"it":[123],"mixes":[124],"feature":[126,132],"distributions":[127],"domains":[129],"space":[133],"improve":[135],"robustness,":[136],"enabling":[137],"adapt":[141],"shifts":[144],"effectively.":[145],"We":[146],"evaluated":[147],"our":[148],"cross-receiver":[152,182],"dataset,":[153],"achieving":[154],"peak":[156],"88.52%,":[159],"surpassing":[160],"other":[161],"methods.":[164],"The":[165],"experimental":[166],"results":[167],"demonstrate":[168],"that":[169],"proposed":[171],"LDM":[172],"offers":[174],"promising":[176],"solution":[177],"tasks":[180],"code":[185],"can":[186],"be":[187],"downloaded":[188],"from":[189],"https://github.com/frownean/LDM.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-07T16:01:11.037858","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
