{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414648274","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2025-spring65109.2025.11174845","title":"Improved AFSA-Based Beam Training Without CSI for RIS-Assisted ISAC Systems","display_name":"Improved AFSA-Based Beam Training Without CSI for RIS-Assisted ISAC Systems","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414648274","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2025-spring65109.2025.11174845"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/vtc2025-spring65109.2025.11174845","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2025-spring65109.2025.11174845","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE 101st Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2025-Spring)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yunxiang Shi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunxiang Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University,Xi'an,Shaanxi,China,710129"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University,Xi'an,Shaanxi,China,710129","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100782093","display_name":"Lixin Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9980-2649"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lixin Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University,Xi'an,Shaanxi,China,710129"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University,Xi'an,Shaanxi,China,710129","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081394007","display_name":"Wensheng Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7568-4609"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wensheng Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University,Xi'an,Shaanxi,China,710129"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University,Xi'an,Shaanxi,China,710129","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023086562","display_name":"Wei Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8120-7905"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University,Xi'an,Shaanxi,China,710129"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University,Xi'an,Shaanxi,China,710129","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063667378","display_name":"Zhu Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6606-5822"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44461941","display_name":"University of Houston","ror":"https://ror.org/048sx0r50","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhu Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Houston,Houston,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Houston,Houston,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.31384449,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.8996000289916992,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.8996000289916992,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.8953999876976013,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10876","display_name":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","score":0.8906999826431274,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.7935000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6572999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.6353999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.513700008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interference","display_name":"Interference (communication)","score":0.5116999745368958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.47540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multipath-propagation","display_name":"Multipath propagation","score":0.4323999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multipath-interference","display_name":"Multipath interference","score":0.399399995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/joint","display_name":"Joint (building)","score":0.3968999981880188}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.7935000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6572999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.6353999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.597599983215332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.513700008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.5131999850273132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.5116999745368958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.47540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161218011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11827794","display_name":"Multipath propagation","level":3,"score":0.4323999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174749922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11827794","display_name":"Multipath interference","level":4,"score":0.399399995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18555067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8375051","display_name":"Joint (building)","level":2,"score":0.3968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3928999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181335050","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14915018","display_name":"Swarm behaviour","level":2,"score":0.3849000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148063708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5072511","display_name":"Channel state information","level":3,"score":0.3790999948978424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988395205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q571921","display_name":"Beam pattern","level":3,"score":0.37229999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101765175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q577764","display_name":"Communications system","level":2,"score":0.35580000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.35199999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65682993","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1056451","display_name":"Reflection (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.322299987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779426996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18389128","display_name":"Echo (communications protocol)","level":2,"score":0.32199999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6532628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5137431","display_name":"Co-channel interference","level":4,"score":0.32120001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781327853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3552547","display_name":"User equipment","level":3,"score":0.29170000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83204339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7523915","display_name":"Single antenna interference cancellation","level":3,"score":0.2858999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168834538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3705329","display_name":"Beam (structure)","level":2,"score":0.28540000319480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.2800999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74064498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396184","display_name":"Radio frequency","level":2,"score":0.26350000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780909371","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4801092","display_name":"Artificial noise","level":4,"score":0.26190000772476196}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/vtc2025-spring65109.2025.11174845","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2025-spring65109.2025.11174845","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE 101st Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2025-Spring)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1773702449","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022QNRC001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311778","funder_display_name":"China Association for Science and Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3307977198","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS2107216,CNS-2128368,CMMI-2222810,ECCS-2302469","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7356835731","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62101450","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8012114877","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022Z021053001,2023Z071053007","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322857","funder_display_name":"Aeronautical Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311778","display_name":"China Association for Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/035vmht26"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322857","display_name":"Aeronautical Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/02wq41p38"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2891354184","https://openalex.org/W2964202652","https://openalex.org/W2968389137","https://openalex.org/W2969424089","https://openalex.org/W2972473258","https://openalex.org/W2972757045","https://openalex.org/W3038047043","https://openalex.org/W3133505491","https://openalex.org/W3194620979","https://openalex.org/W3211231951","https://openalex.org/W4226024525","https://openalex.org/W4319303077","https://openalex.org/W4380763437","https://openalex.org/W4387448195","https://openalex.org/W4391423702"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,62],"this":[1,63],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,42,65],"consider":[4,66],"transmit":[5],"beamforming":[6,81],"and":[7,18,57,78,88],"reflection":[8],"patterns":[9],"design":[10,82],"in":[11,103],"reconfigurable":[12],"intelligent":[13],"surface":[14],"(RIS)-assisted":[15],"integrated":[16],"sensing":[17,89],"communication":[19,87,111],"(ISAC)":[20],"systems,":[21],"where":[22],"the":[23,35,67,95],"dual-function":[24],"base":[25],"station":[26],"(DFBS)":[27],"lacks":[28],"channel":[29,40],"state":[30],"information":[31],"(CSI).":[32],"To":[33],"address":[34],"high":[36],"overhead":[37],"of":[38],"cascaded":[39],"estimation,":[41],"propose":[43,79],"an":[44],"improved":[45],"artificial":[46],"fish":[47],"swarm":[48],"algorithm":[49],"(AFSA)":[50],"combined":[51],"with":[52],"a":[53,80],"feedback-based":[54],"joint":[55],"active":[56],"passive":[58],"beam":[59],"training":[60],"scheme.":[61],"approach,":[64],"interference":[68,108],"caused":[69],"by":[70],"multipath":[71],"user":[72],"echo":[73,107],"signals":[74],"on":[75],"target":[76],"detection":[77],"method":[83],"that":[84,94],"balances":[85],"both":[86],"performance.":[90],"Numerical":[91],"simulations":[92],"show":[93],"proposed":[96],"AFSA":[97],"outperforms":[98],"other":[99],"optimization":[100],"algorithms,":[101],"particularly":[102],"its":[104],"robustness":[105],"against":[106],"under":[109],"different":[110],"signal-to-noise":[112],"ratio":[113],"(SNR)":[114],"constraints.":[115]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}