{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414648312","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2025-spring65109.2025.11174688","title":"Towards Task Number Adaptive Offloading in MEC Systems: A Transformer-based DRL Approach","display_name":"Towards Task Number Adaptive Offloading in MEC Systems: A Transformer-based DRL Approach","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414648312","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2025-spring65109.2025.11174688"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/vtc2025-spring65109.2025.11174688","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2025-spring65109.2025.11174688","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE 101st Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2025-Spring)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yiping Xie","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I89652312","display_name":"Northwest A&F University","ror":"https://ror.org/0051rme32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I89652312"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yiping Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, Northwest A&#x0026;F University,Yangling,Shaanxi,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Northwest A&#x0026;F University,Yangling,Shaanxi,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I89652312"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102724834","display_name":"Fan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7456-8377"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I89652312","display_name":"Northwest A&F University","ror":"https://ror.org/0051rme32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I89652312"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, Northwest A&#x0026;F University,Yangling,Shaanxi,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Northwest A&#x0026;F University,Yangling,Shaanxi,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I89652312"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034028474","display_name":"Yaru Fu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6139-7414"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148693","display_name":"Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/04hdrrs71","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148693"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yaru Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hong Kong Metropolitan University,Department of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science,Hong Kong,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hong Kong Metropolitan University,Department of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science,Hong Kong,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148693"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102916885","display_name":"Chao Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6522-0982"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I89652312","display_name":"Northwest A&F University","ror":"https://ror.org/0051rme32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I89652312"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chao Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, Northwest A&#x0026;F University,Yangling,Shaanxi,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Northwest A&#x0026;F University,Yangling,Shaanxi,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I89652312"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030858163","display_name":"Tony Q. S. Quek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4037-3149"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152815399","display_name":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","ror":"https://ror.org/05j6fvn87","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tony Q. S. Quek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore University of Technology and Design,Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore University of Technology and Design,Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I89652312"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.30190173,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10829","display_name":"Interconnection Networks and Systems","score":0.9416999816894531,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10829","display_name":"Interconnection Networks and Systems","score":0.9416999816894531,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14067","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Remote Desktop Technologies","score":0.9370999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11527","display_name":"3D IC and TSV technologies","score":0.932200014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-decision-process","display_name":"Markov decision process","score":0.7276999950408936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.6359000205993652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.525600016117096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.49900001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-process","display_name":"Markov process","score":0.4629000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/partially-observable-markov-decision-process","display_name":"Partially observable Markov decision process","score":0.45669999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.4505000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.3734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-edge-computing","display_name":"Mobile edge computing","score":0.3653999865055084}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7623000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106189395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176789","display_name":"Markov decision process","level":3,"score":0.7276999950408936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.6359000205993652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.525600016117096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.49900001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159886148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov process","level":2,"score":0.4629000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17098449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176814","display_name":"Partially observable Markov decision process","level":4,"score":0.45669999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4505000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.3734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776061582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25325231","display_name":"Mobile edge computing","level":3,"score":0.3653999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3596000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.34689998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.34450000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.3343000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98763669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov chain","level":2,"score":0.32710000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.32089999318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.3052999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984634286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1331926","display_name":"Decision process","level":2,"score":0.30309998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.29499998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776003309","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1988072","display_name":"Adaptive algorithm","level":2,"score":0.2856000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.28349998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.27160000801086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.2685999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188116033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2664563","display_name":"Q-learning","level":3,"score":0.2671000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144543869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2738570","display_name":"Mobile computing","level":2,"score":0.2644999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138236772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098575","display_name":"Edge device","level":3,"score":0.2630999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.2612999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.26100000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.2563999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8272713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176737","display_name":"Stochastic process","level":2,"score":0.25060001015663147}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/vtc2025-spring65109.2025.11174688","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2025-spring65109.2025.11174688","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE 101st Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2025-Spring)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8041234447","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62271413","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2134295053","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2516316490","https://openalex.org/W2608659040","https://openalex.org/W2624989916","https://openalex.org/W2968424451","https://openalex.org/W2999338250","https://openalex.org/W3126575951","https://openalex.org/W3156711202","https://openalex.org/W3174997142","https://openalex.org/W4225854632","https://openalex.org/W4319988680","https://openalex.org/W4365129152","https://openalex.org/W4378194844","https://openalex.org/W4381416086","https://openalex.org/W4385245566"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,44],"a":[1,49,105,131],"practical":[2],"Mobile":[3,15],"Edge":[4],"Computing":[5],"(MEC)":[6],"system,":[7,74],"the":[8,22,33,58,72,76,87,101,142,147,154,165,168],"stochastic":[9],"arrival":[10],"and":[11,41,68,86,113,133,163,176],"departure":[12],"of":[13,24,78,89,156,167],"heterogeneous":[14],"Devices":[16],"(MDs)":[17],"can":[18],"cause":[19],"fluctuations":[20],"in":[21,37,71,172],"number":[23,77],"generated":[25,34,90],"tasks":[26,35,91],"to":[27,80,139],"be":[28,81,118],"scheduled":[29],"over":[30,84,160],"time,":[31,85],"with":[32,110],"differing":[36],"data":[38],"size,":[39],"complexity,":[40],"delay":[42],"constraint.":[43],"this":[45],"work,":[46],"we":[47,98,129],"consider":[48],"dynamic":[50],"Task":[51],"Offloading":[52],"(TO)":[53],"problem":[54,103],"aiming":[55],"at":[56],"maximizing":[57],"long-term":[59],"average":[60],"system":[61],"utility":[62],"jointly":[63],"defined":[64],"by":[65,121,145],"task":[66],"completion":[67],"energy":[69],"consumption":[70],"MEC":[73],"where":[75],"MDs":[79],"served":[82],"varies":[83],"processing":[88],"may":[92],"span":[93],"multiple":[94],"time":[95],"slots.":[96],"Particularly,":[97],"first":[99],"transform":[100],"TO":[102],"into":[104],"Markov":[106],"Decision":[107],"Process":[108],"(MDP)":[109],"time-varying":[111,174],"state":[112,132,175],"action":[114,134,177],"spaces,":[115],"which":[116],"cannot":[117],"effectively":[119],"solved":[120],"conventional":[122,169],"Deep":[123],"Reinforcement":[124],"Learning":[125],"(DRL)":[126],"algorithms.":[127],"Then,":[128],"propose":[130],"spaces":[135],"adaptive":[136],"DRL":[137,170],"algorithm":[138,159,171],"efficiently":[140],"solve":[141],"formulated":[143],"MDP":[144],"leveraging":[146],"Transformer":[148],"model.":[149],"Finally,":[150],"simulation":[151],"results":[152],"demonstrate":[153],"superiority":[155],"our":[157],"proposed":[158],"baseline":[161],"algorithms":[162],"emphasize":[164],"limitation":[166],"handling":[173],"spaces.":[178]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-21T08:09:41.155169","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
