{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414647050","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2025-spring65109.2025.11174591","title":"Covertness-Aware Over-the-Air Federated Learning","display_name":"Covertness-Aware Over-the-Air Federated Learning","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414647050","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2025-spring65109.2025.11174591"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/vtc2025-spring65109.2025.11174591","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2025-spring65109.2025.11174591","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE 101st Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2025-Spring)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119774893","display_name":"Shuto Ezawa","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I69740276","display_name":"Tokyo Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ws30h19","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I69740276"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuto Ezawa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Osaka Metropolitan University,Department of Electrical and Electronic Systems Engineering,Osaka,Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Osaka Metropolitan University,Department of Electrical and Electronic Systems Engineering,Osaka,Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69740276"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045076067","display_name":"Yi-Han Chiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2850-3120"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I69740276","display_name":"Tokyo Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ws30h19","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I69740276"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi-Han Chiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Osaka Metropolitan University,Department of Electrical and Electronic Systems Engineering,Osaka,Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Osaka Metropolitan University,Department of Electrical and Electronic Systems Engineering,Osaka,Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69740276"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101378208","display_name":"Shi-Sheng Sun","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87354575","display_name":"National Chengchi University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rqk8h36","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87354575"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shi-Sheng Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Chengchi University,Department of Computer Science,Taipei,Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Chengchi University,Department of Computer Science,Taipei,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87354575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011665213","display_name":"Hai Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6364-348X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I69740276","display_name":"Tokyo Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ws30h19","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I69740276"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hai Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Osaka Metropolitan University,Department of Electrical and Electronic Systems Engineering,Osaka,Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Osaka Metropolitan University,Department of Electrical and Electronic Systems Engineering,Osaka,Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69740276"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037098061","display_name":"Yusheng Ji","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4364-8491"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184597095","display_name":"National Institute of Informatics","ror":"https://ror.org/04ksd4g47","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1319490839","https://openalex.org/I184597095","https://openalex.org/I4210158934"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yusheng Ji","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Informatics,Information Systems Architecture Science Research Division,Tokyo,Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Informatics,Information Systems Architecture Science Research Division,Tokyo,Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184597095"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.97079998254776,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.970300018787384,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eavesdropping","display_name":"Eavesdropping","score":0.8072999715805054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.5857999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter-power-output","display_name":"Transmitter power output","score":0.5638999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.5094000101089478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.4496999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/property","display_name":"Property (philosophy)","score":0.4449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-control","display_name":"Power control","score":0.44449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.4372999966144562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.43720000982284546}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776788033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320769","display_name":"Eavesdropping","level":2,"score":0.8072999715805054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7139000296592712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.5857999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65422117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q358527","display_name":"Transmitter power output","level":4,"score":0.5638999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.5094000101089478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.4496999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189950617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q937228","display_name":"Property (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56685638","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2300474","display_name":"Power control","level":3,"score":0.44449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.4372999966144562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.43720000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.3984000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.37599998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88626702","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128903","display_name":"Continuation","level":2,"score":0.36570000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.34610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46686674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466303","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.3425999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.3287000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527821871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228502","display_name":"Access control","level":2,"score":0.3280999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.32350000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779582901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21013010","display_name":"Distributed learning","level":2,"score":0.32249999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.31839999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3167000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.28929999470710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.2874999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780909371","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4801092","display_name":"Artificial noise","level":4,"score":0.27619999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987595161","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Optimization algorithm","level":2,"score":0.27160000801086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2599000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.257099986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.25529998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25343380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q277521","display_name":"Relation (database)","level":2,"score":0.25429999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.2524999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130120984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2835898","display_name":"Distributed algorithm","level":2,"score":0.25209999084472656}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/vtc2025-spring65109.2025.11174591","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2025-spring65109.2025.11174591","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE 101st Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2025-Spring)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2506174538","https://openalex.org/W2999074226","https://openalex.org/W3006919779","https://openalex.org/W3108590825","https://openalex.org/W3209771607","https://openalex.org/W4362500847","https://openalex.org/W4367665841","https://openalex.org/W4389545293"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"over-the-air":[1],"(OTA)":[2],"computation":[3,37],"which":[4,147],"utilizes":[5],"the":[6,35,64,76,96,99,134,140,161,171],"waveform-superposition":[7],"property":[8],"of":[9,42,66,78,101,179],"wireless":[10,53],"signals":[11],"has":[12],"been":[13],"considered":[14],"as":[15],"a":[16],"promising":[17],"approach":[18],"to":[19,46,113,119,132,187],"simultaneously":[20],"accomplish":[21],"communication":[22],"and":[23,75,121,137,163,182],"computing":[24],"tasks":[25],"in":[26,68,72,177],"multiple":[27],"access":[28],"channels.":[29],"Equipping":[30],"federated":[31],"learning":[32,50],"(FL)":[33],"with":[34],"OTA":[36],"allows":[38],"distributed":[39],"Artificial":[40],"Intelligence":[41],"Things":[43],"(AIoT)":[44],"devices":[45,93],"collaboratively":[47],"train":[48],"machine":[49],"models":[51],"over":[52],"environments,":[54],"while":[55,94,158],"preserving":[56],"data":[57,116],"privacy":[58],"without":[59],"excessive":[60],"bandwidth":[61],"consumption.":[62],"However,":[63],"appearance":[65],"wardens":[67],"OTA-FL":[69],"can":[70,88],"result":[71],"model":[73],"eavesdropping":[74],"risk":[77],"information":[79],"leakage.":[80],"In":[81],"this":[82,106],"paper,":[83],"we":[84,108,126],"investigate":[85],"how":[86],"OTAFL":[87],"be":[89],"fulfilled":[90],"among":[91],"AIoT":[92],"ensuring":[95],"covertness":[97,120,135,162],"(i.e.,":[98],"prevention":[100],"eavesdropping)":[102],"against":[103],"wardens.":[104],"To":[105],"end,":[107],"formulate":[109],"an":[110],"optimization":[111],"problem":[112],"maximize":[114],"achievable":[115],"rates":[117],"subject":[118],"transmit":[122,142,150,164],"power":[123,143,165],"constraints.":[124,166],"Then,":[125],"first":[127],"derive":[128],"optimal":[129],"detection":[130],"thresholds":[131],"simplify":[133],"constraints,":[136],"then":[138],"propose":[139],"covertness-aware":[141],"control":[144],"(CAMEO)":[145],"algorithm,":[146],"iteratively":[148],"explores":[149],"powers":[151],"that":[152,170],"yield":[153],"high":[154],"target":[155],"signal-to-interference-plus-noise":[156],"ratios":[157],"satisfying":[159],"both":[160],"Simulation":[167],"results":[168],"demonstrate":[169],"CAMEO":[172],"algorithm":[173],"outperforms":[174],"comparison":[175],"schemes":[176],"terms":[178],"test":[180],"accuracy,":[181],"it":[183],"is":[184],"also":[185],"shown":[186],"converge":[188],"well":[189],"under":[190],"various":[191],"parameter":[192],"settings.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
