{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414646903","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2025-spring65109.2025.11174381","title":"Q-ShielD: Quantum-Enhanced Secure Framework for Autonomous Vehicles Communication","display_name":"Q-ShielD: Quantum-Enhanced Secure Framework for Autonomous Vehicles Communication","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414646903","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2025-spring65109.2025.11174381"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/vtc2025-spring65109.2025.11174381","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2025-spring65109.2025.11174381","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE 101st Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2025-Spring)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119774874","display_name":"Nand Koradiya","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165831266","display_name":"Nirma University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qkq7x38","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165831266"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nand Koradiya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Technology, Nirma University,Department of Computer Science and Engineering,Ahmedabad,India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Technology, Nirma University,Department of Computer Science and Engineering,Ahmedabad,India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165831266"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109685676","display_name":"Ayushi Shah","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165831266","display_name":"Nirma University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qkq7x38","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165831266"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ayushi Shah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Technology, Nirma University,Department of Computer Science and Engineering,Ahmedabad,India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Technology, Nirma University,Department of Computer Science and Engineering,Ahmedabad,India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165831266"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060341203","display_name":"Abderrahim Benslimane","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9307-6132"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I198415970","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse","ror":"https://ror.org/00mfpxb84","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I198415970"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abderrahim Benslimane","raw_affiliation_strings":["Avignon University,Department of Computer Science,France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Avignon University,Department of Computer Science,France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I198415970"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092389647","display_name":"Nikunjkumar Mahida","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165831266","display_name":"Nirma University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qkq7x38","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165831266"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nikunjkumar Mahida","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Technology, Nirma University,Department of Computer Science and Engineering,Ahmedabad,India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Technology, Nirma University,Department of Computer Science and Engineering,Ahmedabad,India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165831266"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023649564","display_name":"Parag Desai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165831266","display_name":"Nirma University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qkq7x38","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165831266"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Param Desai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Technology, Nirma University,Department of Computer Science and Engineering,Ahmedabad,India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Technology, Nirma University,Department of Computer Science and Engineering,Ahmedabad,India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165831266"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100749692","display_name":"Rajesh Gupta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7833-0235"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165831266","display_name":"Nirma University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qkq7x38","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165831266"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rajesh Gupta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Technology, Nirma University,Department of Computer Science and Engineering,Ahmedabad,India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Technology, Nirma University,Department of Computer Science and Engineering,Ahmedabad,India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165831266"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089077811","display_name":"Sudeep Tanwar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1776-4651"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165831266","display_name":"Nirma University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qkq7x38","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165831266"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sudeep Tanwar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Technology, Nirma University,Department of Computer Science and Engineering,Ahmedabad,India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Technology, Nirma University,Department of Computer Science and Engineering,Ahmedabad,India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165831266"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5119774874"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165831266"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.33078764,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.972100019454956,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.972100019454956,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9573000073432922,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13052","display_name":"Molecular Communication and Nanonetworks","score":0.9043999910354614,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-key-distribution","display_name":"Quantum key distribution","score":0.7418000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5444999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bb84","display_name":"BB84","score":0.4683000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligent-transportation-system","display_name":"Intelligent transportation system","score":0.45660001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.4512999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/secure-communication","display_name":"Secure communication","score":0.38420000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communications-protocol","display_name":"Communications protocol","score":0.37880000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variable","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","score":0.3479999899864197}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95466800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027298","display_name":"Quantum key distribution","level":3,"score":0.7418000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5444999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5062000155448914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78203541","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2566969","display_name":"BB84","level":5,"score":0.4683000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47796450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q508378","display_name":"Intelligent transportation system","level":2,"score":0.45660001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4512999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4302999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C510870077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7444868","display_name":"Secure communication","level":3,"score":0.38420000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3806999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12269588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132364","display_name":"Communications protocol","level":2,"score":0.37880000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182365436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50701","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.34209999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30095986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1035238","display_name":"Vehicular communication systems","level":5,"score":0.3158999979496002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101765175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q577764","display_name":"Communications system","level":2,"score":0.30469998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.30329999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.2969000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.2831000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17886624","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1320561","display_name":"Key management","level":3,"score":0.28040000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151423352","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5154228","display_name":"Communications security","level":3,"score":0.27970001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.27320000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.2685999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.25699999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187486625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122176","display_name":"Quantum channel","level":4,"score":0.2554999887943268}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/vtc2025-spring65109.2025.11174381","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2025-spring65109.2025.11174381","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE 101st Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2025-Spring)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4323519414","https://openalex.org/W4385863277","https://openalex.org/W4386432146","https://openalex.org/W4387717688","https://openalex.org/W4388538845","https://openalex.org/W4392739272","https://openalex.org/W4393240965"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,116],"transportation":[1,71],"system":[2,72],"has":[3],"seen":[4],"rapid":[5],"evolution":[6],"with":[7],"the":[8,25,50,68,94,111,121,125,132],"coming":[9],"of":[10,142],"Industry":[11],"4.0.":[12],"Self-driving":[13],"cars":[14],"and":[15,24,55,67,79,86,110,150],"intelligent":[16],"traffic":[17,27,52],"control":[18],"have":[19],"replaced":[20],"manually":[21],"driven":[22],"vehicles":[23,85],"conventional":[26],"management":[28],"system.":[29],"To":[30,76],"enhance":[31],"their":[32,44],"performance,":[33],"these":[34,83],"entities":[35],"continuously":[36],"need":[37],"to":[38],"exchange":[39],"data":[40,59],"amongst":[41],"themselves":[42],"regarding":[43],"position,":[45],"speed,":[46],"direction,":[47],"obstacles":[48],"on":[49],"road,":[51],"signal":[53],"state":[54],"weather":[56,155],"conditions.":[57,156],"This":[58],"can":[60,73],"be":[61,74],"intercepted":[62],"by":[63],"any":[64],"malicious":[65],"eavesdropper":[66],"entire":[69],"smart":[70],"compromised.":[75],"ensure":[77],"secure":[78],"reliable":[80],"communication":[81,90],"among":[82],"autonomous":[84],"road":[87],"infrastructure":[88],"quantum":[89,100,114],"is":[91],"used.":[92],"In":[93],"proposed":[95],"Q-ShielD":[96],"framework,":[97],"two":[98,117],"such":[99],"protocols":[101,118],"are":[102],"implemented,":[103],"namely":[104],"BB84":[105,139],"Quantum":[106,146],"Key":[107,143],"Distribution":[108],"(QKD)":[109],"Continuous":[112,133],"Variable":[113,134],"protocol.":[115],"differ":[119],"in":[120,140,153],"way":[122],"they":[123],"send":[124],"transmitted":[126],"data.":[127],"It":[128],"was":[129],"found":[130],"that":[131],"QKD":[135],"performed":[136],"better":[137],"over":[138],"terms":[141],"Generation":[144],"Rate,":[145,149],"Bit":[147],"Error":[148],"Distance":[151],"covered":[152],"regular":[154]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-07T16:01:11.037858","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
