{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414647812","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2025-spring65109.2025.11174358","title":"Frozen Watermark-Based Federated Learning with Incentive Mechanism for Electric Vehicle Suspensions in Vehicular Communication Systems","display_name":"Frozen Watermark-Based Federated Learning with Incentive Mechanism for Electric Vehicle Suspensions in Vehicular Communication Systems","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414647812","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2025-spring65109.2025.11174358"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/vtc2025-spring65109.2025.11174358","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2025-spring65109.2025.11174358","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE 101st Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2025-Spring)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109612617","display_name":"Libo Shi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Libo Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications,Nanjing,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications,Nanjing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100739881","display_name":"Qin Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1142-1340"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications,Nanjing,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications,Nanjing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100390094","display_name":"Haitao Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3539-3532"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haitao Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications,Nanjing,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications,Nanjing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100684462","display_name":"Yue Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3553-8454"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yusiqing Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications,Nanjing,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications,Nanjing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043724342","display_name":"Ying Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8799-9173"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ying Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications,Nanjing,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications,Nanjing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109653718","display_name":"Youxiang Qi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yujia Qi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications,Nanjing,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications,Nanjing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068624520","display_name":"Xiuqing Ye","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiuqing Ye","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications,Nanjing,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications,Nanjing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100755735","display_name":"Hongbo Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1032-4434"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongbo Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications,Nanjing,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications,Nanjing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.21901523,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9735000133514404,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13999","display_name":"Digital Rights Management and Security","score":0.9732999801635742,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.6291999816894531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/incentive","display_name":"Incentive","score":0.5766000151634216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stackelberg-competition","display_name":"Stackelberg competition","score":0.5171999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.5074999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-vehicle","display_name":"Electric vehicle","score":0.490200012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.44369998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interoperability","display_name":"Interoperability","score":0.3668000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-telephony","display_name":"Mobile telephony","score":0.35749998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanism","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","score":0.35580000281333923}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6662999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.6291999816894531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.5766000151634216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199510392","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1184602","display_name":"Stackelberg competition","level":2,"score":0.5171999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.5074999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776422217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13629441","display_name":"Electric vehicle","level":3,"score":0.490200012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.44369998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20136886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749647","display_name":"Interoperability","level":2,"score":0.3668000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95491727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q992968","display_name":"Mobile telephony","level":3,"score":0.35749998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.35580000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.3407999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47796450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q508378","display_name":"Intelligent transportation system","level":2,"score":0.3393999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59519942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q650665","display_name":"Drone","level":2,"score":0.33489999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555008776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267298","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","level":3,"score":0.3287999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3174999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101765175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q577764","display_name":"Communications system","level":2,"score":0.3000999987125397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989104859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267298","display_name":"Battery capacity","level":4,"score":0.2978000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.29739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.2847999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992525071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50818671","display_name":"Federated learning","level":2,"score":0.2791000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205875254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17156857","display_name":"Decentralised system","level":3,"score":0.27379998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.2574999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.25290000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.25220000743865967}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/vtc2025-spring65109.2025.11174358","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2025-spring65109.2025.11174358","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE 101st Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2025-Spring)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3633849409","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U24B20187","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336807","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China-China Academy of General Technology Joint Fund for Basic Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5798355325","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"92367302,62371250","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336807","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China-China Academy of General Technology Joint Fund for Basic Research","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W596362354","https://openalex.org/W2106376781","https://openalex.org/W2908498346","https://openalex.org/W2912213068","https://openalex.org/W2980713544","https://openalex.org/W2998045710","https://openalex.org/W3038426846","https://openalex.org/W3109847748","https://openalex.org/W3206880386","https://openalex.org/W3215453688","https://openalex.org/W4205721253","https://openalex.org/W4311416694","https://openalex.org/W4387870510","https://openalex.org/W4394629032","https://openalex.org/W4394939124"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Federated":[0],"learning":[1,57,73],"for":[2],"electric":[3,26],"vehicle":[4],"suspension":[5],"(FLEVS)":[6],"is":[7],"a":[8,53,66,79],"key":[9],"technology":[10],"to":[11,60,70],"address":[12],"the":[13,19,85,109],"limitations":[14],"of":[15,22],"battery":[16],"capacity":[17],"and":[18,40,87,100],"rising":[20],"use":[21],"sensing":[23],"cameras":[24],"in":[25,43],"vehicles.":[27],"However,":[28],"current":[29],"FLEVS":[30],"systems":[31],"face":[32],"challenges":[33],"such":[34],"as":[35],"energy":[36],"constraints,":[37],"privacy":[38],"risks,":[39],"copyright":[41],"issues":[42],"car":[44],"enterprise":[45],"cloud":[46],"(CEC)":[47],"trained":[48],"models.":[49],"This":[50],"paper":[51],"proposes":[52],"frozen":[54,68],"watermark-based":[55],"federated":[56],"incentive":[58,82],"mechanism":[59,83],"tackle":[61],"these":[62],"issues.":[63],"It":[64],"incorporates":[65],"global":[67],"watermark":[69],"leverage":[71],"continuous":[72],"while":[74],"minimizing":[75],"training":[76],"interference.":[77],"Additionally,":[78],"Stackelberg":[80],"game-based":[81],"between":[84],"CEC":[86],"mobile":[88],"vehicles":[89],"(MVs)":[90],"optimizes":[91],"information":[92],"security":[93],"strategies.":[94],"The":[95],"derived":[96],"optimal":[97],"reward":[98],"function":[99],"iteration":[101],"parameters":[102],"are":[103],"validated":[104],"through":[105],"numerical":[106],"results,":[107],"demonstrating":[108],"scheme's":[110],"effectiveness.":[111]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
