{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414647567","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2025-spring65109.2025.11174317","title":"Leveraging Contractive Autoencoders for Time-Efficient Rare Cyberattack Detection","display_name":"Leveraging Contractive Autoencoders for Time-Efficient Rare Cyberattack Detection","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414647567","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2025-spring65109.2025.11174317"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/vtc2025-spring65109.2025.11174317","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2025-spring65109.2025.11174317","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE 101st Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2025-Spring)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117541276","display_name":"Abubakar Danasabe","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abubakar Danasabe","raw_affiliation_strings":["King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM),Computer Engineering Department,Dhahran,Saudi Arabia,31261"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM),Computer Engineering Department,Dhahran,Saudi Arabia,31261","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005385487","display_name":"Zeeshan Kaleem","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7163-0443"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107311","display_name":"Smart Material (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/01pjwgv56","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210107311"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zeeshan Kaleem","raw_affiliation_strings":["KFUPM,Computer Engineering Department and IRC for Smart Mobility and Logistics,Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KFUPM,Computer Engineering Department and IRC for Smart Mobility and Logistics,Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107311"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087380351","display_name":"Muhammad Afaq","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8678-0754"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105785","display_name":"Intelligent Systems Research (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01reevc91","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105785"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Afaq Muhammad","raw_affiliation_strings":["KFUPM,Computer Engineering Department and IRC for Intelligent Secure Systems,Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KFUPM,Computer Engineering Department and IRC for Intelligent Secure Systems,Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105785"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086020181","display_name":"Aiman H. El\u2010Maleh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3247-0598"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105785","display_name":"Intelligent Systems Research (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01reevc91","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105785"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aiman El-Maleh","raw_affiliation_strings":["KFUPM,Computer Engineering Department and IRC for Intelligent Secure Systems,Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KFUPM,Computer Engineering Department and IRC for Intelligent Secure Systems,Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105785"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060020877","display_name":"Chau Yuen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9307-2120"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chau Yuen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Nanyang Technological University,Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Nanyang Technological University,Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086268677","display_name":"Abbas Jamalipour","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1807-7220"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abbas Jamalipour","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Sydney,Sydney,NSW,Australia,2006"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Sydney,Sydney,NSW,Australia,2006","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":5,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.064,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80619411,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9886999726295471,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9886999726295471,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9690999984741211,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.968999981880188,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.6863999962806702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoencoder","display_name":"Autoencoder","score":0.644599974155426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/redundancy","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","score":0.6078000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.5841000080108643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.5579000115394592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.5238000154495239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.44839999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/big-data","display_name":"Big data","score":0.4124999940395355}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7940000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.6863999962806702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101738243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786435","display_name":"Autoencoder","level":3,"score":0.644599974155426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152124472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1204361","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.6078000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.5841000080108643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5579000115394592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.54339998960495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5238000154495239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.44839999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.4124999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4097999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.39809998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7545210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q838123","display_name":"Data redundancy","level":2,"score":0.3833000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.37779998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.36059999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3578000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.35409998893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116409475","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1385056","display_name":"External Data Representation","level":2,"score":0.3296999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.32010000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.2915000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.28929999470710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.26969999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.2694000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152745839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5438153","display_name":"Fault detection and isolation","level":3,"score":0.26350000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10511746","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899388","display_name":"Data security","level":3,"score":0.2623000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.26179999113082886}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/vtc2025-spring65109.2025.11174317","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2025-spring65109.2025.11174317","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE 101st Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2025-Spring)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2099940443","https://openalex.org/W3009822804","https://openalex.org/W3035254752","https://openalex.org/W3091868478","https://openalex.org/W4391741549","https://openalex.org/W4392248372","https://openalex.org/W4392642847","https://openalex.org/W4396754479","https://openalex.org/W4400409671","https://openalex.org/W4400527390","https://openalex.org/W4402451295","https://openalex.org/W4404125286"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,63],"rapid":[1],"adoption":[2],"of":[3,35,96,145],"cloud":[4,43,168],"computing":[5],"has":[6],"introduced":[7],"critical":[8,77],"security":[9,169],"challenges":[10],"in":[11,19,41,90,113,120,140],"the":[12,81,94],"cloud,":[13],"with":[14,29],"evolving":[15],"cyberattacks":[16],"exposing":[17],"vulnerabilities":[18],"conventional":[20],"intrusion":[21],"detection":[22,95,144],"systems":[23],"(IDS).":[24],"Existing":[25],"approaches":[26],"often":[27],"struggle":[28],"high":[30,133],"false-positive":[31],"rates,":[32],"poor":[33],"handling":[34],"imbalanced":[36],"traffic,":[37,92],"and":[38,60,110,116,118,130,142,148,157],"computational":[39,155],"overhead":[40,156],"dynamic":[42],"environments.":[44],"To":[45],"address":[46],"these":[47],"issues,":[48],"we":[49],"propose":[50],"SLCAE-BiLSTM,":[51],"a":[52,137],"deep":[53],"learning-based":[54],"IDS":[55],"which":[56],"enhances":[57],"feature":[58],"extraction":[59],"sequential":[61],"learning.":[62],"Single-Layer":[64],"Contractive":[65],"Autoencoder":[66],"(SLCAE)":[67],"ensures":[68],"efficient":[69,164],"data":[70],"representation":[71],"by":[72],"minimizing":[73],"redundancy":[74],"while":[75],"preserving":[76],"attack":[78],"patterns.":[79],"Meanwhile,":[80],"Bidirectional":[82],"Long":[83],"Short-Term":[84],"Memory":[85],"(BiLSTM)":[86],"captures":[87],"temporal":[88],"dependencies":[89],"network":[91],"improving":[93],"rare":[97,149],"attacks.":[98],"Experimental":[99],"evaluations":[100],"on":[101],"two":[102],"benchmark":[103],"datasets":[104],"demonstrate":[105],"SLCAE-BiLSTM's":[106],"superiority,":[107],"achieving":[108],"99.91%":[109],"99.87%":[111],"accuracy":[112,134],"binary":[114],"classification":[115],"97.73%":[117],"91.22%":[119],"multi-class":[121],"classification,":[122],"surpassing":[123],"state-of-theart":[124],"models":[125],"such":[126],"as":[127],"SCAE-SVM,":[128],"SAE-SVM,":[129],"SDAE-SVM.":[131],"These":[132],"rates":[135],"indicate":[136],"significant":[138],"reduction":[139],"misclassification":[141],"improved":[143],"both":[146],"common":[147],"cyber":[150],"threats.":[151,172],"Furthermore,":[152],"its":[153],"reduced":[154],"faster":[158],"inference":[159],"time":[160],"makes":[161],"it":[162],"an":[163],"solution":[165],"for":[166],"enhancing":[167],"against":[170],"emerging":[171]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}