{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7118566604","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2025-fall65116.2025.11310307","title":"Real-Time Multi-Target Tracking via Signal Variation Clustering Without Prior Target Count","display_name":"Real-Time Multi-Target Tracking via Signal Variation Clustering Without Prior Target Count","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7118566604","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2025-fall65116.2025.11310307"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/vtc2025-fall65116.2025.11310307","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2025-fall65116.2025.11310307","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE 102nd Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2025-Fall)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038537327","display_name":"Dazhuo Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1667-0573"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115228651","display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/036wvzt09","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3005327000","display_name":"Institute for Infocomm Research","ror":"https://ror.org/053rfa017","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3005327000","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dazhuo Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technology and Research (A*STAR),Institute for Infocomm Research (I2R), Agency for Science,Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technology and Research (A*STAR),Institute for Infocomm Research (I2R), Agency for Science,Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3005327000","https://openalex.org/I115228651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013050494","display_name":"Y. Zeng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115228651","display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/036wvzt09","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3005327000","display_name":"Institute for Infocomm Research","ror":"https://ror.org/053rfa017","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3005327000","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yonghong Zeng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technology and Research (A*STAR),Institute for Infocomm Research (I2R), Agency for Science,Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technology and Research (A*STAR),Institute for Infocomm Research (I2R), Agency for Science,Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3005327000","https://openalex.org/I115228651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122219220","display_name":"Yugang Ma","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115228651","display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/036wvzt09","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3005327000","display_name":"Institute for Infocomm Research","ror":"https://ror.org/053rfa017","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3005327000","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yugang Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technology and Research (A*STAR),Institute for Infocomm Research (I2R), Agency for Science,Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technology and Research (A*STAR),Institute for Infocomm Research (I2R), Agency for Science,Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3005327000","https://openalex.org/I115228651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101579621","display_name":"Xiaojuan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4023-4172"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115228651","display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/036wvzt09","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3005327000","display_name":"Institute for Infocomm Research","ror":"https://ror.org/053rfa017","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3005327000","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaojuan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technology and Research (A*STAR),Institute for Infocomm Research (I2R), Agency for Science,Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technology and Research (A*STAR),Institute for Infocomm Research (I2R), Agency for Science,Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3005327000","https://openalex.org/I115228651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112740259","display_name":"Fran\u00e7ois Chin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115228651","display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/036wvzt09","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3005327000","display_name":"Institute for Infocomm Research","ror":"https://ror.org/053rfa017","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3005327000","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francois Chin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technology and Research (A*STAR),Institute for Infocomm Research (I2R), Agency for Science,Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technology and Research (A*STAR),Institute for Infocomm Research (I2R), Agency for Science,Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3005327000","https://openalex.org/I115228651"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121076459","display_name":"Sumei Sun","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115228651","display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/036wvzt09","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3005327000","display_name":"Institute for Infocomm Research","ror":"https://ror.org/053rfa017","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3005327000","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sumei Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technology and Research (A*STAR),Institute for Infocomm Research (I2R), Agency for Science,Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technology and Research (A*STAR),Institute for Infocomm Research (I2R), Agency for Science,Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3005327000","https://openalex.org/I115228651"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.29739999771118164,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.29739999771118164,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.21629999577999115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10711","display_name":"Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks","score":0.20499999821186066,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.6412000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.5130000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baseline","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","score":0.5120999813079834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-truth","display_name":"Ground truth","score":0.48190000653266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.4690999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/path","display_name":"Path (computing)","score":0.46709999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motion","display_name":"Motion (physics)","score":0.44350001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-tracker","display_name":"Radar tracker","score":0.42669999599456787}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6690000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.6412000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6133000254631042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.567300021648407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.5130000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.5120999813079834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146849305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370766","display_name":"Ground truth","level":2,"score":0.48190000653266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.4690999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777735758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817765","display_name":"Path (computing)","level":2,"score":0.46709999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104114177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79782","display_name":"Motion (physics)","level":2,"score":0.44350001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32283439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1407014","display_name":"Radar tracker","level":3,"score":0.42669999599456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.4221999943256378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.41609999537467957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154586513","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4420972","display_name":"Tracking system","level":3,"score":0.3781000077724457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778334786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1586270","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.3758000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13662910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193139","display_name":"Trajectory","level":2,"score":0.35569998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3325999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147345108","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6693040","display_name":"Low probability of intercept radar","level":5,"score":0.2930999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.28040000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202474056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1931635","display_name":"Video tracking","level":3,"score":0.2800999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95020103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1813492","display_name":"Match moving","level":3,"score":0.2612000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983325608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084606","display_name":"Data association","level":3,"score":0.25440001487731934}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/vtc2025-fall65116.2025.11310307","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2025-fall65116.2025.11310307","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE 102nd Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2025-Fall)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2147124620","https://openalex.org/W2153594606","https://openalex.org/W2155680787","https://openalex.org/W2167582467","https://openalex.org/W2201800733","https://openalex.org/W2338892592","https://openalex.org/W2340862004","https://openalex.org/W2799062425","https://openalex.org/W2922174720","https://openalex.org/W2952065976","https://openalex.org/W3194620979","https://openalex.org/W4213084171","https://openalex.org/W4312476858","https://openalex.org/W4315628425","https://openalex.org/W4379382376","https://openalex.org/W4387870534","https://openalex.org/W4394711958","https://openalex.org/W4398764902","https://openalex.org/W4407591024"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurate":[0],"and":[1,62,143,166,175],"real-time":[2,32],"tracking":[3,34,101],"of":[4,20,73,76,156],"multiple":[5,131,145],"moving":[6,133],"targets":[7,21],"remains":[8],"a":[9,31,59,125],"fundamental":[10],"challenge":[11],"in":[12,103,148],"radar-based":[13],"indoor":[14,127],"sensing,":[15],"particularly":[16],"when":[17,115],"the":[18,51,74,112,139,153],"number":[19,75,155],"is":[22,122],"unknown":[23],"or":[24,89],"varies":[25],"over":[26],"time.":[27],"This":[28],"paper":[29],"presents":[30],"motion":[33,146,178],"system":[35,140],"RTCtrack":[36,121],"that":[37,138],"operates":[38],"directly":[39],"on":[40,96],"signal":[41,114],"variations":[42],"induced":[43],"by":[44],"human":[45,177],"movement.":[46],"At":[47],"each":[48],"time":[49,150],"step,":[50],"method":[52],"extracts":[53],"significant":[54],"variation":[55],"points":[56],"relative":[57],"to":[58],"static":[60],"baseline":[61,108],"incrementally":[63],"groups":[64],"them":[65],"into":[66],"coherent":[67],"trajectories":[68],"without":[69,151],"requiring":[70],"prior":[71],"knowledge":[72],"targets.":[77,157],"A":[78],"tail-based":[79],"spatial":[80,165],"association":[81],"strategy":[82],"enables":[83],"robust":[84],"path":[85],"formation,":[86],"while":[87],"weak":[88],"inconsistent":[90],"clusters":[91],"are":[92,119],"automatically":[93],"removed":[94],"based":[95],"activity":[97],"level.":[98],"To":[99],"maintain":[100],"stability":[102],"evolving":[104],"environments,":[105],"an":[106],"adaptive":[107],"update":[109],"mechanism":[110],"replaces":[111],"reference":[113],"persistent":[116],"global":[117],"deviations":[118],"detected.":[120],"evaluated":[123],"using":[124],"public":[126],"radar":[128,173],"dataset":[129],"involving":[130],"individuals":[132],"independently.":[134],"Simulation":[135],"results":[136],"show":[137],"reliably":[141],"identifies":[142],"tracks":[144],"paths":[147],"real":[149],"knowing":[152],"exact":[154],"Comparisons":[158],"with":[159],"video-based":[160],"ground":[161],"truth":[162],"confirm":[163],"strong":[164],"temporal":[167],"alignment,":[168],"demonstrating":[169],"its":[170],"effectiveness":[171],"for":[172],"sensing":[174],"passive":[176],"tracking.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2026-01-08T00:00:00"}
