{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406266871","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2024-fall63153.2024.10757707","title":"3GPP SEAL as an Edge Application: The Ultimate Enabler of Flexible and Universal Communication between Vulnerable Road Users and Autonomous Vehicles","display_name":"3GPP SEAL as an Edge Application: The Ultimate Enabler of Flexible and Universal Communication between Vulnerable Road Users and Autonomous Vehicles","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-10-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406266871","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2024-fall63153.2024.10757707"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/vtc2024-fall63153.2024.10757707","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2024-fall63153.2024.10757707","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 IEEE 100th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2024-Fall)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005808109","display_name":"Vincent Charpentier","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1109-2177"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149213910","display_name":"University of Antwerp","ror":"https://ror.org/008x57b05","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vincent Charpentier","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Antwerp-imec,IDLab-Faculty of Applied Engineering,Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Antwerp-imec,IDLab-Faculty of Applied Engineering,Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115842253","display_name":"Amaryllis Leyendeckers","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149213910","display_name":"University of Antwerp","ror":"https://ror.org/008x57b05","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amaryllis Leyendeckers","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Antwerp-imec,IDLab-Faculty of Applied Engineering,Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Antwerp-imec,IDLab-Faculty of Applied Engineering,Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072792091","display_name":"Miguel Camelo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8152-7143"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149213910","display_name":"University of Antwerp","ror":"https://ror.org/008x57b05","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miguel Camelo","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Antwerp-imec,IDLab-Department of Computer Science,Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Antwerp-imec,IDLab-Department of Computer Science,Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013277995","display_name":"Johann M. M\u00e1rquez-Barja","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5660-3597"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149213910","display_name":"University of Antwerp","ror":"https://ror.org/008x57b05","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Johann Marquez-Barja","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Antwerp-imec,IDLab-Faculty of Applied Engineering,Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Antwerp-imec,IDLab-Faculty of Applied Engineering,Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088574348","display_name":"Nina Slamnik\u2013Krije\u0161torac","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1719-772X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149213910","display_name":"University of Antwerp","ror":"https://ror.org/008x57b05","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nina Slamnik-Krije\u0161torac","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Antwerp-imec,IDLab-Faculty of Applied Engineering,Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Antwerp-imec,IDLab-Faculty of Applied Engineering,Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9718000292778015,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9718000292778015,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11942","display_name":"Transportation and Mobility Innovations","score":0.9241999983787537,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enabling","display_name":"Enabling","score":0.8469862937927246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/seal","display_name":"Seal (emblem)","score":0.7003597021102905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.6052684783935547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.561063289642334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3485182523727417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.27733612060546875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.06047108769416809}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22607594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5375150","display_name":"Enabling","level":2,"score":0.8469862937927246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777755289","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162919","display_name":"Seal (emblem)","level":2,"score":0.7003597021102905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.6052684783935547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.561063289642334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3485182523727417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.27733612060546875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.06047108769416809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/vtc2024-fall63153.2024.10757707","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2024-fall63153.2024.10757707","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 IEEE 100th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2024-Fall)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5199999809265137,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W1974860256","https://openalex.org/W4321381871","https://openalex.org/W4383065492","https://openalex.org/W2111901522","https://openalex.org/W2289630402","https://openalex.org/W1994033552","https://openalex.org/W2408679928"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Enhancing":[0],"communication":[1,23,82,98,136],"between":[2],"Vulnerable":[3],"Road":[4],"Users":[5],"(VRUs)":[6],"and":[7,64,72,145,192,244,252,271,278],"Unmanned":[8],"Automated":[9,65],"Vehicles":[10],"(UAVs)":[11],"has":[12],"significant":[13],"potential":[14],"to":[15,26,36,122,203,205,211,261],"improve":[16],"road":[17],"safety.":[18],"The":[19],"need":[20],"for":[21,61],"this":[22,124,231],"is":[24,76,91,149,228],"due":[25],"the":[27,44,51,58,77,93,134,143,154,163,175,184,201,217,238,250,263,268],"fact":[28],"that":[29,84,104,132],"VRUs":[30,113,243],"will":[31,207],"no":[32,224],"longer":[33],"be":[34,106,209],"able":[35,210],"establish":[37],"physical":[38],"eye":[39],"contact":[40],"with":[41,200,274],"UAVs,":[42],"given":[43],"absence":[45],"of":[46,79,88,96,177,187,267,276],"a":[47,55,80,128,139],"human":[48],"driver":[49],"behind":[50],"steering":[52],"wheel.":[53],"However,":[54],"challenge":[56,125],"in":[57,142,174,190,241],"state-of-the-art":[59],"technologies":[60,99],"Connected,":[62],"Cooperative,":[63],"Mobility":[66],"(CCAM),":[67],"i.e.":[68],"ITS-G5":[69,277],"(IEEE":[70],"802.11p)":[71],"Cellular":[73],"Vehicle-to-Everything":[74],"(C-V2X),":[75],"lack":[78],"unified":[81],"stack":[83,137],"connects":[85],"all":[86],"types":[87],"users.":[89],"This":[90,119,194],"because":[92],"current":[94],"generation":[95],"CCAM":[97,135,214,226,248],"requires":[100],"dedicated":[101,225],"hardware":[102,227],"devices":[103,110],"cannot":[105],"easily":[107],"installed":[108],"on":[109,153],"carried":[111],"by":[112,126,151,162,219,246],"(such":[114],"as":[115,138],"phones":[116],"or":[117,198],"wearables).":[118],"paper":[120,232],"aims":[121],"address":[123],"providing":[127],"real-life,":[129],"sophisticated":[130],"solution":[131,270],"offers":[133],"Network-as-a-Service":[140],"(NaaS)":[141],"5G":[144,191,206,251],"Beyond":[146,253],"ecosystem.":[147,254],"Integration":[148],"achieved":[150],"relying":[152],"Service":[155],"Enabler":[156],"Architecture":[157],"Layer":[158],"(SEAL)":[159],"principles":[160,171],"standardised":[161],"3rd":[164],"Generation":[165],"Partnership":[166],"Project":[167],"(3GPP).":[168],"These":[169],"architectural":[170],"are":[172,183],"embedded":[173],"design":[176],"Network-Aware":[178],"Edge":[179],"Applications":[180],"(EdgeApps),":[181],"which":[182],"building":[185],"blocks":[186],"vertical":[188],"services":[189,215],"Beyond.":[193],"way,":[195],"any":[196],"device":[197],"user":[199],"capability":[202],"connect":[204],"also":[208],"retrieve":[212],"important":[213],"from":[216,237],"network":[218],"using":[220],"EdgeApps.":[221],"In":[222],"addition,":[223],"needed.":[229],"Furthermore,":[230],"provides":[233],"key":[234],"lessons":[235],"learned":[236],"challenges":[239],"encountered":[240],"connecting":[242],"UAVs":[245],"integrating":[247],"into":[249],"Moreover,":[255],"we":[256],"have":[257],"conducted":[258],"real-life":[259],"experiments":[260],"evaluate":[262],"system-level":[264],"latency":[265],"characteristics":[266],"proposed":[269],"compared":[272],"them":[273],"those":[275],"C-V2X.":[279]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
