{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406266100","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2024-fall63153.2024.10757620","title":"3D Positioning with Unsynchronized LEO Satellites and Minimal Infrastructure","display_name":"3D Positioning with Unsynchronized LEO Satellites and Minimal Infrastructure","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-10-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406266100","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2024-fall63153.2024.10757620"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/vtc2024-fall63153.2024.10757620","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2024-fall63153.2024.10757620","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 IEEE 100th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2024-Fall)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061891181","display_name":"Don-Roberts Emenonye","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5392-8692"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Don-Roberts Emenonye","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virginia Tech,Wireless@VT, Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Blacksburg,VA,USA,24061"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Tech,Wireless@VT, Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Blacksburg,VA,USA,24061","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064063671","display_name":"Harpreet S. Dhillon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2829-9449"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Harpreet S. Dhillon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virginia Tech,Wireless@VT, Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Blacksburg,VA,USA,24061"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Tech,Wireless@VT, Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Blacksburg,VA,USA,24061","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025989778","display_name":"R. Michael Buehrer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. Michael Buehrer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virginia Tech,Wireless@VT, Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Blacksburg,VA,USA,24061"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Tech,Wireless@VT, Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Blacksburg,VA,USA,24061","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2655,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89328701,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"7"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12449","display_name":"Spacecraft Design and Technology","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12449","display_name":"Spacecraft Design and Technology","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11701","display_name":"Space Satellite Systems and Control","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5824114680290222}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5824114680290222}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/vtc2024-fall63153.2024.10757620","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2024-fall63153.2024.10757620","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 IEEE 100th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2024-Fall)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6399999856948853,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1,34,71],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,36,73],"rigorously":[4],"derive":[5,74],"the":[6,9,44,55,75,81,87,90,94,97,103,106,110,113,120,131,136,143,151,160,174],"information":[7,77],"in":[8,21,164],"signals":[10],"received":[11],"from":[12,66],"low":[13],"earth":[14],"orbit":[15],"(LEO)":[16],"satellites,":[17],"which":[18],"are":[19,162],"unsynchronized":[20,163],"time":[22,45,64,117,140,165,188],"and":[23,25,60,85,119,142,166,168],"frequency,":[24,112],"their":[26],"utility":[27],"for":[28,80,89,96,185],"3D":[29,98,152,175],"position":[30,176],"estimation.":[31],"To":[32],"enable":[33],"derivation,":[35],"define":[37],"a":[38,67,170,182],"system":[39],"model":[40],"that":[41,158],"captures":[42],"i)":[43],"offset":[46,57],"between":[47,58,105],"LEOs":[48,161],"caused":[49],"by":[50,180],"having":[51],"cheap":[52],"clocks,":[53],"ii)":[54],"frequency":[56,167],"LEOs,":[59,109,135],"iii)":[61],"multiple":[62],"transmission":[63,116,139,187],"slots":[65],"particular":[68],"LEO.":[69],"After":[70],"definition,":[72],"Fisher":[76],"matrix":[78],"(FIM)":[79],"relevant":[82],"channel":[83,91],"parameters":[84,92],"transform":[86],"FIM":[88,95],"to":[93,129,149],"position.":[99,153],"These":[100],"derivations":[101],"show":[102],"interactions":[104],"number":[107,114,121,133,137,144],"of":[108,115,122,134,138,145],"operating":[111],"slots,":[118,141],"receive":[123,146],"antennas.":[124],"Subsequently,":[125],"these":[126],"allow":[127],"us":[128],"determine":[130,150],"minimal":[132],"antennas":[147],"needed":[148],"One":[154],"key":[155],"result":[156],"is":[157],"when":[159],"experience":[169],"high":[171],"Doppler":[172],"rate,":[173],"can":[177],"be":[178],"determined":[179],"observing":[181],"single":[183],"LEO":[184],"four":[186],"slots.":[189]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}