{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4293075309","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2022-spring54318.2022.9860869","title":"Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning in Vehicular OCC","display_name":"Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning in Vehicular OCC","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4293075309","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2022-spring54318.2022.9860869"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/vtc2022-spring54318.2022.9860869","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2022-spring54318.2022.9860869","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607744","display_name":"2022 IEEE 95th Vehicular Technology Conference: (VTC2022-Spring)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE 95th Vehicular Technology Conference: (VTC2022-Spring)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006895327","display_name":"Amirul Islam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0014-7267"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110002522","display_name":"University of Essex","ror":"https://ror.org/02nkf1q06","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amirul Islam","raw_affiliation_strings":["CSEE, University of Essex,UK","CSEE, University of Essex, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CSEE, University of Essex,UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"CSEE, University of Essex, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016462759","display_name":"Leila Musavian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5276-1157"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110002522","display_name":"University of Essex","ror":"https://ror.org/02nkf1q06","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leila Musavian","raw_affiliation_strings":["CSEE, University of Essex,UK","CSEE, University of Essex, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CSEE, University of Essex,UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"CSEE, University of Essex, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011969400","display_name":"Nikolaos Thomos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7266-2642"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110002522","display_name":"University of Essex","ror":"https://ror.org/02nkf1q06","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nikolaos Thomos","raw_affiliation_strings":["CSEE, University of Essex,UK","CSEE, University of Essex, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CSEE, University of Essex,UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"CSEE, University of Essex, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6378,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.56648059,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.8633230924606323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7613803148269653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-decision-process","display_name":"Markov decision process","score":0.672484815120697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.6221871972084045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.5436041951179504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relaxation","display_name":"Relaxation (psychology)","score":0.5429662466049194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimization-problem","display_name":"Optimization problem","score":0.49255189299583435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectral-efficiency","display_name":"Spectral efficiency","score":0.4591156840324402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4331486225128174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-process","display_name":"Markov process","score":0.4252031147480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/q-learning","display_name":"Q-learning","score":0.42119351029396057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.41340941190719604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3936763405799866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.17392539978027344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09805989265441895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.09739956259727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.08817163109779358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.08538180589675903}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.8633230924606323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7613803148269653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106189395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176789","display_name":"Markov decision process","level":3,"score":0.672484815120697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.6221871972084045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.5436041951179504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776029896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3935810","display_name":"Relaxation (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5429662466049194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.49255189299583435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137246740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q583970","display_name":"Spectral efficiency","level":3,"score":0.4591156840324402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4331486225128174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159886148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov process","level":2,"score":0.4252031147480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188116033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2664563","display_name":"Q-learning","level":3,"score":0.42119351029396057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.41340941190719604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3936763405799866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.17392539978027344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09805989265441895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.09739956259727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.08817163109779358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.08538180589675903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/vtc2022-spring54318.2022.9860869","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2022-spring54318.2022.9860869","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607744","display_name":"2022 IEEE 95th Vehicular Technology Conference: (VTC2022-Spring)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE 95th Vehicular Technology Conference: (VTC2022-Spring)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1515851193","https://openalex.org/W1641379095","https://openalex.org/W1869778509","https://openalex.org/W1964766270","https://openalex.org/W2017509009","https://openalex.org/W2021309519","https://openalex.org/W2027067237","https://openalex.org/W2038148941","https://openalex.org/W2038901247","https://openalex.org/W2060358508","https://openalex.org/W2110621360","https://openalex.org/W2138717292","https://openalex.org/W2215672452","https://openalex.org/W2739231850","https://openalex.org/W2761753202","https://openalex.org/W2793069077","https://openalex.org/W2807652507","https://openalex.org/W2953384591","https://openalex.org/W2963858294","https://openalex.org/W3008565916","https://openalex.org/W3009758529","https://openalex.org/W4250589301","https://openalex.org/W6639086533","https://openalex.org/W6713134421","https://openalex.org/W6744505115"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2808418668","https://openalex.org/W2357975469","https://openalex.org/W2101748387","https://openalex.org/W3096874164","https://openalex.org/W4281812492","https://openalex.org/W2315999538","https://openalex.org/W3105579180","https://openalex.org/W2970347269","https://openalex.org/W3167472281","https://openalex.org/W4400868993"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Optical":[0],"camera":[1],"communications":[2],"(OCC)":[3],"has":[4],"emerged":[5],"as":[6,65],"a":[7,24,66,123],"key":[8],"enabling":[9],"technology":[10],"for":[11],"the":[12,38,42,54,62,73,85,104],"seamless":[13],"operation":[14],"of":[15,75,106,119],"future":[16],"autonomous":[17],"vehicles.":[18],"In":[19],"this":[20],"paper,":[21],"we":[22,33,60],"introduce":[23],"spectral":[25,136],"efficiency":[26,137],"optimization":[27,55,63],"approach":[28,92,121],"in":[29],"vehicular":[30],"OCC.":[31],"Specifically,":[32],"aim":[34],"at":[35],"optimally":[36],"adapting":[37],"modulation":[39],"order":[40],"and":[41,50,113,122],"relative":[43],"speed":[44],"while":[45],"respecting":[46],"bit":[47],"error":[48],"rate":[49],"latency":[51],"constraints.":[52],"As":[53],"problem":[56,64,87],"is":[57],"NP-hard":[58],"problem,":[59],"model":[61],"Markov":[67],"decision":[68],"process":[69],"(MDP)":[70],"to":[71,139],"enable":[72],"use":[74],"solutions":[76],"that":[77,129],"can":[78],"be":[79],"applied":[80],"online.":[81],"We":[82,102],"then":[83],"relaxed":[84],"constrained":[86],"by":[88,96],"employing":[89],"Lagrange":[90],"relaxation":[91],"before":[93],"solving":[94],"it":[95,115],"multi-agent":[97],"deep":[98],"reinforcement":[99],"learning":[100],"(DRL).":[101],"verify":[103],"performance":[105],"our":[107,120,130],"proposed":[108],"scheme":[109],"through":[110],"extensive":[111],"simulations":[112],"compare":[114],"with":[116],"various":[117],"variants":[118],"random":[124],"method.":[125],"The":[126],"evaluation":[127],"shows":[128],"system":[131],"achieves":[132],"significantly":[133],"higher":[134],"sum":[135],"compared":[138],"schemes":[140],"under":[141],"comparison.":[142]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
