{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4317419722","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2022-fall57202.2022.10013005","title":"Multi-Site Energy Harvesting for Battery-Less Internet-of-Things Devices: Prospects and Limits","display_name":"Multi-Site Energy Harvesting for Battery-Less Internet-of-Things Devices: Prospects and Limits","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4317419722","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2022-fall57202.2022.10013005"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/vtc2022-fall57202.2022.10013005","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2022-fall57202.2022.10013005","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607792","display_name":"2022 IEEE 96th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2022-Fall)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE 96th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2022-Fall)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028612790","display_name":"Morteza Tavana","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2834-0317"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86987016","display_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vcq606","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Morteza Tavana","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology,Stockholm,Sweden","School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology,Stockholm,Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062293532","display_name":"Emil Bj\u00f6rnson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5954-434X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86987016","display_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vcq606","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emil Bjornson","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology,Stockholm,Sweden","School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology,Stockholm,Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023361837","display_name":"Jens Zander","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86987016","display_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vcq606","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jens Zander","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology,Stockholm,Sweden","School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology,Stockholm,Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5028612790"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5962,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84519962,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.9836999773979187,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6591009497642517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-harvesting","display_name":"Energy harvesting","score":0.6197774410247803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.5674099922180176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.5458377599716187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/battery","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","score":0.49415329098701477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.4775351285934448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.4437131881713867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.4361391067504883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.43228384852409363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.39291220903396606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.37948888540267944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.2652170658111572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.19434016942977905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.15147966146469116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.13829872012138367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10560992360115051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.08382955193519592}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6591009497642517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101518730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q930236","display_name":"Energy harvesting","level":3,"score":0.6197774410247803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.5674099922180176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.5458377599716187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555008776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267298","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","level":3,"score":0.49415329098701477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.4775351285934448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4437131881713867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.4361391067504883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.43228384852409363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.39291220903396606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.37948888540267944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.2652170658111572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.19434016942977905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.15147966146469116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.13829872012138367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10560992360115051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.08382955193519592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/vtc2022-fall57202.2022.10013005","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2022-fall57202.2022.10013005","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607792","display_name":"2022 IEEE 96th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2022-Fall)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE 96th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2022-Fall)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.7400000095367432}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W595252221","https://openalex.org/W1508084509","https://openalex.org/W1794490453","https://openalex.org/W1971951287","https://openalex.org/W2045303900","https://openalex.org/W2068499153","https://openalex.org/W2068766249","https://openalex.org/W2130128605","https://openalex.org/W2138705414","https://openalex.org/W2150166076","https://openalex.org/W2177372563","https://openalex.org/W2249053460","https://openalex.org/W2788331441","https://openalex.org/W2903174794","https://openalex.org/W2908584236","https://openalex.org/W3087878340","https://openalex.org/W3098682482","https://openalex.org/W3103806053","https://openalex.org/W3153248490","https://openalex.org/W4290937656","https://openalex.org/W6661839546"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2898145991","https://openalex.org/W4245926026","https://openalex.org/W4311097251","https://openalex.org/W2586548817","https://openalex.org/W2625093826","https://openalex.org/W4200598720","https://openalex.org/W2566010174","https://openalex.org/W2921026492","https://openalex.org/W2903121411","https://openalex.org/W2805827740"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Conventional":[0],"Internet":[1],"of":[2,15,97,102,121,158,169,177,185],"things":[3],"(IoT)":[4],"devices":[5,30,64],"are":[6],"powered":[7],"by":[8],"batteries.":[9],"However,":[10],"batteries":[11],"pose":[12],"a":[13,114,145,170,182,189],"risk":[14],"e-waste":[16],"and":[17,46,74,83,149,162],"chemical":[18],"leakage":[19],"to":[20,26,32,79,93,142,173],"the":[21,62,76,95,119,122,129,133,150,156,167,175,178,194,201],"environment.":[22],"An":[23],"alternative":[24],"way":[25],"power":[27],"remote":[28],"IoT":[29,50,63,137],"is":[31,38,44],"harvest":[33,66],"ambient":[34],"RF":[35],"energy.":[36],"It":[37],"especially":[39],"beneficial":[40],"when":[41],"battery":[42],"replacement":[43],"costly":[45],"could":[47],"enable":[48],"large-scale":[49],"deployments":[51],"at":[52,144],"net-zero":[53],"energy":[54,67,78,141],"cost.":[55],"In":[56],"this":[57,98,110],"paper,":[58],"we":[59,112,187],"assume":[60,113],"that":[61,135,198],"periodically":[65],"from":[68],"multiple":[69],"surrounding":[70],"base":[71],"stations":[72],"(BSs)":[73],"use":[75],"harvested":[77,179],"take":[80],"sensor":[81],"measurements":[82],"transmit":[84],"related":[85],"data":[86],"packets.":[87],"We":[88,124,165],"propose":[89],"an":[90,136],"approximate":[91,174,191],"method":[92],"analyze":[94],"feasibility":[96],"approach":[99],"in":[100,155],"terms":[101],"which":[103],"measurement":[104,147],"rates":[105],"can":[106],"be":[107],"supported.":[108],"To":[109],"end,":[111],"Poisson":[115],"point":[116],"process":[117],"for":[118,128,193],"locations":[120],"BSs.":[123],"derive":[125,166,188],"mathematical":[126],"expressions":[127],"coverage":[130,183],"probability":[131,134,184],"(i.e.,":[132],"device":[138],"harvests":[139],"enough":[140],"operate":[143],"given":[146],"rate)":[148],"required":[151,195],"BS":[152],"site":[153,196],"density":[154,197],"presence":[157],"channel":[159],"uncertainties,":[160],"blockage,":[161],"harvesting":[163],"nonlinearities.":[164],"parameters":[168],"Gamma":[171],"distribution":[172,176],"power.":[180],"For":[181],"0.5,":[186],"simplified":[190],"expression":[192],"closely":[199],"describes":[200],"one":[202],"obtained":[203],"empirically.":[204]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-09T13:55:54.758798","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}