{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4317419422","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2022-fall57202.2022.10012773","title":"A Two-Factor Authentication Scheme for Moving Connected Vehicles","display_name":"A Two-Factor Authentication Scheme for Moving Connected Vehicles","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4317419422","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2022-fall57202.2022.10012773"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/vtc2022-fall57202.2022.10012773","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2022-fall57202.2022.10012773","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607792","display_name":"2022 IEEE 96th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2022-Fall)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE 96th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2022-Fall)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053373823","display_name":"Dajiang Suo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3748-6115"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dajiang Suo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology,Department of Mechanical Engineering,Cambridge,MA,USA","Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology,Department of Mechanical Engineering,Cambridge,MA,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019788273","display_name":"Sanjay E. Sarma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2812-039X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sanjay E. Sarma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology,Department of Mechanical Engineering,Cambridge,MA,USA","Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology,Department of Mechanical Engineering,Cambridge,MA,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5053373823"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6094,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84719175,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11504","display_name":"Advanced Authentication Protocols Security","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.7483557462692261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7255200743675232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.6789951920509338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversary","display_name":"Adversary","score":0.6595773100852966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-line-of-sight-propagation","display_name":"Non-line-of-sight propagation","score":0.6262516379356384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5945981740951538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.5756579041481018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.5453474521636963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bottleneck","display_name":"Bottleneck","score":0.5167180895805359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/message-authentication-code","display_name":"Message authentication code","score":0.49629050493240356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.47652778029441833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.44206908345222473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication-protocol","display_name":"Authentication protocol","score":0.41351741552352905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1994868516921997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.19428256154060364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.13441121578216553}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.7483557462692261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7255200743675232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.6789951920509338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41065033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2825412","display_name":"Adversary","level":2,"score":0.6595773100852966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154910267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1740982","display_name":"Non-line-of-sight propagation","level":3,"score":0.6262516379356384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5945981740951538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5756579041481018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.5453474521636963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780513914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18210350","display_name":"Bottleneck","level":2,"score":0.5167180895805359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141492731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1052621","display_name":"Message authentication code","level":3,"score":0.49629050493240356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.47652778029441833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.44206908345222473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21564112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825885","display_name":"Authentication protocol","level":3,"score":0.41351741552352905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1994868516921997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.19428256154060364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.13441121578216553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/vtc2022-fall57202.2022.10012773","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2022-fall57202.2022.10012773","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607792","display_name":"2022 IEEE 96th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2022-Fall)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE 96th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2022-Fall)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1542316315","https://openalex.org/W1755042603","https://openalex.org/W2038901247","https://openalex.org/W2099042427","https://openalex.org/W2116897550","https://openalex.org/W2151152069","https://openalex.org/W2258514285","https://openalex.org/W2545176003","https://openalex.org/W2792045232","https://openalex.org/W2978902878","https://openalex.org/W3100121400","https://openalex.org/W4238256444","https://openalex.org/W6632593034","https://openalex.org/W6840900210"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2172272784","https://openalex.org/W2003817535","https://openalex.org/W4307436769","https://openalex.org/W2116285675","https://openalex.org/W2033083292","https://openalex.org/W2283780021","https://openalex.org/W2946750750","https://openalex.org/W3136622342","https://openalex.org/W3131600677","https://openalex.org/W2061637199"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"roadside":[1,77,161],"adversary":[2,162],"who":[3,79],"holds":[4],"compromised":[5],"vehicle-to-everything":[6],"(V2X)":[7],"credentials":[8],"can":[9,203,215],"easily":[10],"spoof":[11],"vehicle":[12,100,131,148],"identities":[13],"and":[14,51,137,144,235],"broadcast":[15,107],"fabricated":[16],"messages":[17],"that":[18,101,147],"jeopardize":[19],"the":[20,28,35,55,72,87,93,111,122,141,145,160,165,174,178,194,200,209,220,228,232,236,245],"maneuvers":[21],"of":[22,30,37,95,140,176,231],"surrounding":[23],"vehicles.":[24,184],"Previous":[25],"work":[26,225],"on":[27,54,153],"security":[29],"ad":[31],"hoc":[32],"networks":[33],"suggests":[34],"use":[36],"a":[38,62,99,104,130,205],"side":[39,73],"channel":[40,74,115,124,143,202],"for":[41,159,181,186,208,239],"two":[42],"parties":[43],"to":[44,48,75,81,125,163,218,243],"exchange":[45],"digital":[46],"certificates":[47,198,214],"prevent":[49],"impersonation":[50],"man-in-the-middle":[52],"attacks":[53],"main":[56,112],"wireless":[57,114],"channel.":[58,90],"This":[59],"paper":[60],"presents":[61],"two-factor":[63],"authentication":[64,210,222],"scheme":[65,180],"by":[66,108],"leveraging":[67],"line-of-sight":[68],"(LOS)":[69],"communication":[70,206,242,246],"as":[71],"impede":[76],"adversaries":[78],"try":[80],"impersonate":[82],"legitimate":[83],"moving":[84],"vehicles":[85,188],"in":[86,132],"non-line-of-sight":[88],"(NLOS)":[89,113],"To":[91],"gain":[92],"trust":[94],"other":[96],"traffic":[97],"participants,":[98],"has":[102],"received":[103],"challenge":[105],"message":[106,196],"infrastructure":[109],"through":[110,121,199],"must":[116],"send":[117],"back":[118],"its":[119],"response":[120,195],"LOS":[123,142,201,241],"demonstrate":[126,173],"it":[127,156],"is":[128,150],"indeed":[129],"traffic.":[133],"The":[134],"directional":[135],"property":[136],"visual":[138],"confirmation":[139],"fact":[146],"movement":[149],"ascertained":[151],"based":[152],"physics":[154],"make":[155],"extremely":[157],"difficult":[158],"finish":[164],"response-challenge":[166],"process":[167],"without":[168],"being":[169],"detected.":[170],"Experimental":[171],"results":[172],"feasibility":[175],"using":[177],"proposed":[179],"authenticating":[182,187],"low-speed":[183],"However,":[185],"traveling":[189],"at":[190],"high":[191],"speed,":[192],"transmitting":[193],"containing":[197],"create":[204],"bottleneck":[207],"process,":[211],"although":[212],"implicit":[213],"be":[216],"adopted":[217],"reduce":[219,244],"total":[221],"time.":[223],"Future":[224],"will":[226],"explore":[227],"alternative":[229],"format":[230],"challenge-response":[233],"protocol":[234],"potential":[237],"technologies":[238],"realizing":[240],"bottleneck.":[247]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}