{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3168073212","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2021-spring51267.2021.9448901","title":"Characterising Vehicle Suspension Variations in Millimetre Wave V2I System","display_name":"Characterising Vehicle Suspension Variations in Millimetre Wave V2I System","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3168073212","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2021-spring51267.2021.9448901","mag":"3168073212"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/vtc2021-spring51267.2021.9448901","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2021-spring51267.2021.9448901","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE 93rd Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2021-Spring)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1983/23f166f8-2bcc-40bd-a351-73356d61e195","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066021549","display_name":"Khalid A Al Mallak","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","display_name":"University of Bristol","ror":"https://ror.org/0524sp257","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1299528221","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842","country_code":"GB","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299528221","https://openalex.org/I4210087105"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Khalid A Al Mallak","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Bristol (UoB),Communications Systems and Network, EPSRC CDT in Communications,Bristol,United Kingdom","Communications Systems and Network, EPSRC CDT in Communications, University of Bristol (UoB), Bristol, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Bristol (UoB),Communications Systems and Network, EPSRC CDT in Communications,Bristol,United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299528221","https://openalex.org/I36234482"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Communications Systems and Network, EPSRC CDT in Communications, University of Bristol (UoB), Bristol, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299528221","https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017186245","display_name":"Manish Nair","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7151-8913"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","display_name":"University of Bristol","ror":"https://ror.org/0524sp257","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1299528221","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842","country_code":"GB","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299528221","https://openalex.org/I4210087105"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manish Nair","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Bristol (UoB),Communications Systems and Network, EPSRC CDT in Communications,Bristol,United Kingdom","Communications Systems and Network, EPSRC CDT in Communications, University of Bristol (UoB), Bristol, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Bristol (UoB),Communications Systems and Network, EPSRC CDT in Communications,Bristol,United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299528221","https://openalex.org/I36234482"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Communications Systems and Network, EPSRC CDT in Communications, University of Bristol (UoB), Bristol, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299528221","https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039698681","display_name":"Geoffery Hilton","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","display_name":"University of Bristol","ror":"https://ror.org/0524sp257","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1299528221","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842","country_code":"GB","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299528221","https://openalex.org/I4210087105"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Geoffery Hilton","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Bristol (UoB),Communications Systems and Network, EPSRC CDT in Communications,Bristol,United Kingdom","Communications Systems and Network, EPSRC CDT in Communications, University of Bristol (UoB), Bristol, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Bristol (UoB),Communications Systems and Network, EPSRC CDT in Communications,Bristol,United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299528221","https://openalex.org/I36234482"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Communications Systems and Network, EPSRC CDT in Communications, University of Bristol (UoB), Bristol, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299528221","https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089089289","display_name":"Tian Hong Loh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3486-2659"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134421475","display_name":"National Physical Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/015w2mp89","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134421475"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tian Hong Loh","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Physical Laboratory/NPL,Electromagnetic & Electrochemical Technologies Department,Teddington,United Kingdom","Electromagnetic & Electrochemical Technologies Department, National Physical Laboratory/NPL, Teddington, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Physical Laboratory/NPL,Electromagnetic & Electrochemical Technologies Department,Teddington,United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134421475"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electromagnetic & Electrochemical Technologies Department, National Physical Laboratory/NPL, Teddington, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134421475"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081159321","display_name":"Mark A Beach","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6798-7001"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1299528221","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842","country_code":"GB","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299528221","https://openalex.org/I4210087105"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","display_name":"University of Bristol","ror":"https://ror.org/0524sp257","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark Beach","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Bristol (UoB),Communications Systems and Network, EPSRC CDT in Communications,Bristol,United Kingdom","Communications Systems and Network, EPSRC CDT in Communications, University of Bristol (UoB), Bristol, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Bristol (UoB),Communications Systems and Network, EPSRC CDT in Communications,Bristol,United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299528221","https://openalex.org/I36234482"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Communications Systems and Network, EPSRC CDT in Communications, University of Bristol (UoB), Bristol, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299528221","https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5066021549"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299528221","https://openalex.org/I36234482"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.0673,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92050634,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14445","display_name":"Transportation Safety and Impact Analysis","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/millimetre-wave","display_name":"Millimetre wave","score":0.7137354612350464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/millimeter","display_name":"Millimeter","score":0.5266993641853333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4712408185005188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extremely-high-frequency","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","score":0.4632270336151123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/suspension","display_name":"Suspension (topology)","score":0.4628625810146332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.4508195221424103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.34617555141448975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.28120046854019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.2502596378326416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.17896118760108948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.16368341445922852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/astronomy","display_name":"Astronomy","score":0.11145320534706116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.051817387342453}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985862388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q570342","display_name":"Millimetre wave","level":2,"score":0.7137354612350464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109792285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174789","display_name":"Millimeter","level":2,"score":0.5266993641853333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4712408185005188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45764600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q570342","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","level":2,"score":0.4632270336151123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105341887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1307987","display_name":"Suspension (topology)","level":3,"score":0.4628625810146332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.4508195221424103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.34617555141448975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.28120046854019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2502596378326416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.17896118760108948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.16368341445922852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.11145320534706116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.051817387342453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5961521","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q746083","display_name":"Homotopy","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/vtc2021-spring51267.2021.9448901","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2021-spring51267.2021.9448901","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE 93rd Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2021-Spring)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research-information.bris.ac.uk:openaire_cris_publications/23f166f8-2bcc-40bd-a351-73356d61e195","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1983/23f166f8-2bcc-40bd-a351-73356d61e195","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400895","display_name":"Bristol Research (University of Bristol)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","host_organization_name":"University of Bristol","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Al Mallak, K A, Nair, M, Hilton, G (ed.), Loh, T H & Beach, M A 2021, Characterising Vehicle Suspension Variations in Millimetre Wave V2I System. in 2021 IEEE 93rd Vehicular Technology Conference, VTC 2021-Spring - Proceedings., 9448901, IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, vol. 2021-April, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). https://doi.org/10.1109/VTC2021-Spring51267.2021.9448901","raw_type":"contributionToPeriodical"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research-information.bris.ac.uk:publications/23f166f8-2bcc-40bd-a351-73356d61e195","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/en/publications/23f166f8-2bcc-40bd-a351-73356d61e195","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400895","display_name":"Bristol Research (University of Bristol)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","host_organization_name":"University of Bristol","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":""}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:research-information.bris.ac.uk:openaire_cris_publications/23f166f8-2bcc-40bd-a351-73356d61e195","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1983/23f166f8-2bcc-40bd-a351-73356d61e195","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400895","display_name":"Bristol Research (University of Bristol)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","host_organization_name":"University of Bristol","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Al Mallak, K A, Nair, M, Hilton, G (ed.), Loh, T H & Beach, M A 2021, Characterising Vehicle Suspension Variations in Millimetre Wave V2I System. in 2021 IEEE 93rd Vehicular Technology Conference, VTC 2021-Spring - Proceedings., 9448901, IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, vol. 2021-April, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). https://doi.org/10.1109/VTC2021-Spring51267.2021.9448901","raw_type":"contributionToPeriodical"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.6600000262260437,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1978235214","https://openalex.org/W2153594606","https://openalex.org/W2296384906","https://openalex.org/W2492906440","https://openalex.org/W2516564299","https://openalex.org/W2566151859","https://openalex.org/W2786526736","https://openalex.org/W2946970509","https://openalex.org/W2963898594","https://openalex.org/W3041549453"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2317169686","https://openalex.org/W4245196113","https://openalex.org/W1185324648","https://openalex.org/W2539553997","https://openalex.org/W3159902002","https://openalex.org/W3208155863","https://openalex.org/W2363237216","https://openalex.org/W2033762247","https://openalex.org/W2530392398","https://openalex.org/W2070366004"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"investigates":[2],"the":[3,14,61,65,84,91,95,102,124,131,134,141,147,156,161,165,180,191,195],"effects":[4],"of":[5,60,87,127],"antenna":[6,93],"vibration":[7],"occurring":[8],"due":[9,139],"to":[10,47,140,160],"suspension":[11,71,148],"variation":[12],"during":[13,123],"movement":[15,128],"for":[16,51,70],"vehicle-to-infrastructure":[17],"(V2I)":[18],"communication":[19],"by":[20,174,189],"developing":[21],"a":[22,33,39,52,117,187],"two":[23],"dimensional":[24],"(2D)":[25],"model.":[26],"With":[27],"highly":[28],"directional":[29],"antennas":[30],"fitted":[31],"on":[32,83,120,186],"car's":[34],"rear":[35],"bumper":[36],"and":[37,64,75,107,193],"at":[38,55,90,112,184],"base":[40],"station":[41],"(BS),":[42],"different":[43],"beamwidths":[44],"from":[45,130,146],"10\u00b0":[46],"50\u00b0":[48],"are":[49,68],"investigated":[50],"moving":[53,183],"vehicle":[54,181],"70mph.":[56],"The":[57,77,98,114,169],"gain":[58,99,121,196],"sensitivity":[59,100,122],"radiation":[62,110],"pattern":[63],"micro-Doppler":[66,142],"shift":[67,137],"modelled":[69],"variations":[72],"between":[73],"5cm":[74],"20cm.":[76],"analysis":[78],"has":[79],"been":[80],"performed":[81],"based":[82],"observed":[85],"angle":[86],"arrivals":[88],"(AoA)":[89],"receiver":[92,108],"in":[94],"elevation":[96],"plane.":[97],"represents":[101],"BSs\u2019":[103],"main":[104],"lobes'":[105],"misalignments":[106],"antennas\u2019":[109],"patterns":[111],"26GHz.":[113],"results":[115],"reveal":[116],"significant":[118],"impact":[119],"first":[125],"200m":[126],"away":[129],"BS.":[132],"Furthermore,":[133],"total":[135],"Doppler":[136],"increases":[138,158],"with":[143],"vertical":[144],"displacements":[145,192],"variation.":[149],"However,":[150],"this":[151],"can":[152],"be":[153],"mitigated":[154],"if":[155],"beamwidth":[157],"relative":[159],"link":[162],"budget":[163],"or":[164],"BS":[166],"height":[167],"increases.":[168],"2D":[170],"model":[171],"is":[172,182],"validated":[173],"utilising":[175],"accelerometer":[176],"data":[177],"recorded":[178],"whilst":[179],"70mph":[185],"motorway,":[188],"extracting":[190],"computing":[194],"sensitivity.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-17T09:09:15.849793","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}