{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3170712332","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2021-spring51267.2021.9448672","title":"Isolation of redundant and mixed-critical automotive applications: effects on the system architecture","display_name":"Isolation of redundant and mixed-critical automotive applications: effects on the system architecture","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3170712332","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2021-spring51267.2021.9448672","mag":"3170712332"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/vtc2021-spring51267.2021.9448672","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2021-spring51267.2021.9448672","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE 93rd Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2021-Spring)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040277532","display_name":"Alessandro Frigerio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3232-4646"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83019370","display_name":"Eindhoven University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02c2kyt77","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alessandro Frigerio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008861550","display_name":"Bart Vermeulen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1161-314X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109147379","display_name":"NXP (Netherlands)","ror":"https://ror.org/059be4e97","country_code":"NL","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109147379"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bart Vermeulen","raw_affiliation_strings":["CTO / Automotive Systems Innovations, NXP Semiconductors, Eindhoven, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CTO / Automotive Systems Innovations, NXP Semiconductors, Eindhoven, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109147379"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048502768","display_name":"Kees Goossens","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7536-4050"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83019370","display_name":"Eindhoven University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02c2kyt77","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kees Goossens","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5040277532"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2348,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.4766528,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10933","display_name":"Real-Time Systems Scheduling","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10933","display_name":"Real-Time Systems Scheduling","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10639","display_name":"Advanced Software Engineering Methodologies","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mixed-criticality","display_name":"Mixed criticality","score":0.9079320430755615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7391548156738281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/redundancy","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","score":0.7004920244216919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-industry","display_name":"Automotive industry","score":0.6575401425361633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.5379136204719543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/failure-mode-effects-and-criticality-analysis","display_name":"Failure mode, effects, and criticality analysis","score":0.5300241112709045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hypervisor","display_name":"Hypervisor","score":0.5157828330993652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criticality","display_name":"Criticality","score":0.5001201629638672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtualization","display_name":"Virtualization","score":0.47100961208343506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/isolation","display_name":"Isolation (microbiology)","score":0.4696860611438751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.4155266284942627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.38103917241096497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.33324718475341797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1643449366092682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.13967987895011902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.10793638229370117}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781124451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6883956","display_name":"Mixed criticality","level":3,"score":0.9079320430755615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7391548156738281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152124472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1204361","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.7004920244216919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526921623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190117","display_name":"Automotive industry","level":2,"score":0.6575401425361633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.5379136204719543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30098461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909342","display_name":"Failure mode, effects, and criticality analysis","level":3,"score":0.5300241112709045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112904061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1077480","display_name":"Hypervisor","level":4,"score":0.5157828330993652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125611927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17008131","display_name":"Criticality","level":2,"score":0.5001201629638672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C513985346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q270471","display_name":"Virtualization","level":3,"score":0.47100961208343506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775941552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25212305","display_name":"Isolation (microbiology)","level":2,"score":0.4696860611438751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.4155266284942627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.38103917241096497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.33324718475341797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1643449366092682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.13967987895011902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.10793638229370117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185544564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81197","display_name":"Nuclear physics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89423630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7193","display_name":"Microbiology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/vtc2021-spring51267.2021.9448672","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2021-spring51267.2021.9448672","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE 93rd Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2021-Spring)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.tue.nl:openaire_cris_publications/e9d0c304-547f-43a7-a0b3-923d2b09783c","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research.tue.nl/en/publications/e9d0c304-547f-43a7-a0b3-923d2b09783c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922641","display_name":"TU/e Research Portal","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frigerio, A, Vermeulen, B & Goossens, K 2021, Isolation of redundant and mixed-critical automotive applications : Effects on the system architecture. in 2021 IEEE 93rd Vehicular Technology Conference, VTC 2021-Spring - Proceedings., 9448672, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 93rd IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC 2021-Spring), Helsinki, Finland, 25/04/21. https://doi.org/10.1109/VTC2021-Spring51267.2021.9448672","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:tue:oai:pure.tue.nl:publications/e9d0c304-547f-43a7-a0b3-923d2b09783c","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research.tue.nl/nl/publications/e9d0c304-547f-43a7-a0b3-923d2b09783c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401843","display_name":"Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1322597698","host_organization_name":"Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322597698"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE 93rd Vehicular Technology Conference, VTC 2021-Spring - Proceedings","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferencepaper"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5899999737739563,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1556710897","https://openalex.org/W2047729406","https://openalex.org/W2056417188","https://openalex.org/W2780544627","https://openalex.org/W2784066041","https://openalex.org/W2886560805","https://openalex.org/W2907666030","https://openalex.org/W2969215109","https://openalex.org/W3001039850","https://openalex.org/W6748076808"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2361355225","https://openalex.org/W2030439800","https://openalex.org/W2148749405","https://openalex.org/W2104105430","https://openalex.org/W1515917392","https://openalex.org/W2743348030","https://openalex.org/W2094268420","https://openalex.org/W1991063492","https://openalex.org/W2613320081","https://openalex.org/W1973516247"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Future":[0],"automotive":[1,102,149],"systems,":[2],"with":[3,78],"Advanced":[4],"Driving":[5,10],"Assistance":[6],"Systems":[7],"and":[8,104,121,124,162,180,197],"Autonomous":[9],"functionalities,":[11],"will":[12],"require":[13],"fail-operational":[14],"electronic":[15],"systems.":[16],"To":[17],"achieve":[18],"that,":[19],"redundancy":[20],"is":[21,157],"a":[22,93,100,134,147,210],"necessary":[23],"technique,":[24],"like":[25],"in":[26,61,151,193,204],"many":[27],"other":[28],"fields":[29],"such":[30],"as":[31],"aviation.":[32],"Moreover":[33],"the":[34,47,57,105,130,139,178,181,187,190,201,205],"applications":[35,144,195,212],"have":[36],"different":[37,131,191,211],"safety":[38],"requirements,":[39],"from":[40,133],"safety-critical":[41],"related":[42],"applications,":[43,53],"for":[44,46,54,56],"example":[45,55],"driver":[48],"replacement":[49],"domain,":[50],"to":[51,85,98,108,128,170,185,199,207,209],"QoS-oriented":[52],"infotainment":[58],"domain.":[59],"Redundancy":[60],"mixed-criticality":[62,101,143],"systems":[63],"can":[64],"be":[65],"solved":[66],"by":[67,73],"physically":[68],"separating":[69],"system":[70,103,150],"resources":[71],"or":[72,160,168],"using":[74],"isolated":[75],"virtualized":[76],"environments":[77],"e.g.":[79],"hypervisors.":[80],"There":[81],"are":[82],"costs":[83],"associated":[84],"both":[86],"solutions.":[87],"In":[88],"this":[89],"work":[90],"we":[91,96,163],"describe":[92],"novel":[94],"model":[95,179],"use":[97,164],"characterize":[99],"analysis":[106,182,206],"steps":[107],"obtain":[109],"quantified":[110,113],"metrics.":[111],"The":[112,154,173],"metrics":[114,202],"include":[115],"cost,":[116],"failure":[117],"probability,":[118],"total":[119,125],"functional":[120],"communication":[122],"loads,":[123],"cable":[126],"length,":[127],"compare":[129],"solutions":[132,192],"system-level":[135],"perspective.":[136],"We":[137],"analyse":[138],"same":[140],"set":[141],"of":[142],"that":[145],"represent":[146],"simplified":[148],"four":[152],"scenarios.":[153],"architecture":[155],"topology":[156],"either":[158,165],"domain-based":[159],"zone-based,":[161],"physical":[166],"separation":[167],"virtualization":[169],"provide":[171],"isolation.":[172],"obtained":[174],"results":[175],"show":[176],"how":[177,198],"allows":[183],"us":[184],"understand":[186],"trade-offs":[188],"between":[189],"specific":[194],"scenarios,":[196],"vary":[200],"used":[203],"adapt":[208],"scenario.":[213]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-11T14:59:36.786465","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}