{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3170105049","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2021-spring51267.2021.9448638","title":"The Effect of Wall Blockages on Indoor Small Cell Networks with LOS/NLOS User Association Strategies","display_name":"The Effect of Wall Blockages on Indoor Small Cell Networks with LOS/NLOS User Association Strategies","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3170105049","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2021-spring51267.2021.9448638","mag":"3170105049"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/vtc2021-spring51267.2021.9448638","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2021-spring51267.2021.9448638","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE 93rd Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2021-Spring)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108046841","display_name":"Yunbai Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1357-5255"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91136226","display_name":"University of Sheffield","ror":"https://ror.org/05krs5044","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunbai Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Sheffield,Dept. Electronic & Electrical Engineering,Sheffield,UK","Dept. Electronic & Electrical Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Sheffield,Dept. Electronic & Electrical Engineering,Sheffield,UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. Electronic & Electrical Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102929567","display_name":"Hui Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6695-9714"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801309126","display_name":"UK Power Networks","ror":"https://ror.org/05nqrfj72","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801309126"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165591","display_name":"Network Group (Czechia)","ror":"https://ror.org/055hmgs82","country_code":"CZ","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210165591"]}],"countries":["CZ","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hui Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ranplan Wireless Network Design Ltd.,Wireless Research Group,Cambridge,UK","Wireless Research Group, Ranplan Wireless Network Design Ltd., Cambridge, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ranplan Wireless Network Design Ltd.,Wireless Research Group,Cambridge,UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165591"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wireless Research Group, Ranplan Wireless Network Design Ltd., Cambridge, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801309126"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100418442","display_name":"Chen Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4064-3495"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91136226","display_name":"University of Sheffield","ror":"https://ror.org/05krs5044","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Sheffield,Dept. Electronic & Electrical Engineering,Sheffield,UK","Dept. Electronic & Electrical Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Sheffield,Dept. Electronic & Electrical Engineering,Sheffield,UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. Electronic & Electrical Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069850104","display_name":"Xiaoli Chu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1863-6149"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91136226","display_name":"University of Sheffield","ror":"https://ror.org/05krs5044","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoli Chu","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Sheffield,Dept. Electronic & Electrical Engineering,Sheffield,UK","Dept. Electronic & Electrical Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Sheffield,Dept. Electronic & Electrical Engineering,Sheffield,UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. Electronic & Electrical Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"tr 36 814","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12146","display_name":"Power Line Communications and Noise","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-line-of-sight-propagation","display_name":"Non-line-of-sight propagation","score":0.9746773838996887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stochastic-geometry","display_name":"Stochastic geometry","score":0.7936602830886841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/path-loss","display_name":"Path loss","score":0.6279770731925964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6232441067695618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attenuation","display_name":"Attenuation","score":0.617299497127533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coverage-probability","display_name":"Coverage probability","score":0.5777701139450073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monte-carlo-method","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","score":0.5147852897644043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.5107810497283936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3568488657474518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.22649261355400085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.2038833498954773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.18089327216148376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.17589527368545532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.10726109147071838}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154910267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1740982","display_name":"Non-line-of-sight propagation","level":3,"score":0.9746773838996887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31243852","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1666739","display_name":"Stochastic geometry","level":2,"score":0.7936602830886841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194273485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1478845","display_name":"Path loss","level":3,"score":0.6279770731925964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6232441067695618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184652730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2357982","display_name":"Attenuation","level":2,"score":0.617299497127533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776292839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5179217","display_name":"Coverage probability","level":3,"score":0.5777701139450073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19499675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232207","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","level":2,"score":0.5147852897644043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.5107810497283936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3568488657474518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.22649261355400085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.2038833498954773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.18089327216148376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.17589527368545532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.10726109147071838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/vtc2021-spring51267.2021.9448638","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2021-spring51267.2021.9448638","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE 93rd Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2021-Spring)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7900000214576721,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W355083891","https://openalex.org/W595252221","https://openalex.org/W635250944","https://openalex.org/W1976916271","https://openalex.org/W2073252511","https://openalex.org/W2103179464","https://openalex.org/W2150166076","https://openalex.org/W2517191459","https://openalex.org/W2564154611","https://openalex.org/W2610335499","https://openalex.org/W2905877480","https://openalex.org/W2938368457","https://openalex.org/W2963805943","https://openalex.org/W6620556582"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4229001419","https://openalex.org/W4297040114","https://openalex.org/W2953297191","https://openalex.org/W3155439017","https://openalex.org/W2807795425","https://openalex.org/W3101570866","https://openalex.org/W4288064661","https://openalex.org/W2963123640","https://openalex.org/W2807817052","https://openalex.org/W2963492352"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Interior":[0],"wall":[1,38,64,116,131,148],"blockage":[2,117],"affects":[3],"the":[4,21,28,34,41,52,60,67,75,84,93,114,126,130,134,151,160,177,181,189,193,203],"performance":[5,53],"of":[6,24,54,62,79,128,137,205],"indoor":[7,55,138],"cellular":[8,139],"networks":[9,58],"but":[10,188],"has":[11],"not":[12],"been":[13],"sufficiently":[14],"studied.":[15],"In":[16],"this":[17],"paper,":[18],"by":[19,37,104],"modelling":[20],"spatial":[22],"distribution":[23],"interior":[25,63],"walls":[26],"using":[27],"random":[29],"shape":[30],"theory":[31],"and":[32,92,167],"incorporating":[33],"attenuation":[35,132,149],"caused":[36],"blockages":[39],"into":[40],"path":[42],"loss":[43],"model,":[44],"we":[45],"develop":[46],"a":[47],"tractable":[48],"approach":[49,70],"to":[50,73,147],"analyse":[51],"small":[56],"cell":[57],"under":[59,113,150,159,180,192],"influence":[61],"blockages.":[65],"Then,":[66],"proposed":[68],"analytical":[69,100],"is":[71,144,170],"applied":[72],"study":[74],"downlink":[76],"coverage":[77,142,178,190],"probability":[78,143,179,191],"two":[80],"user":[81,155,164,185,197],"association":[82,156,165,186,198],"strategies:":[83],"closest":[85,94,152,161,182,194],"line-of-sight":[86],"(LOS)":[87],"base":[88],"station":[89],"(BS)":[90],"strategy,":[91,166,187],"non-line-of-sight":[95],"(NLOS)":[96],"BS":[97,154,163,173,184,196,206],"strategy.":[98],"The":[99,141],"results":[101,124],"are":[102],"validated":[103],"Monte":[105],"Carlo":[106],"simulations":[107],"in":[108],"comparison":[109],"with":[110,202],"those":[111],"obtained":[112],"existing":[115],"model":[118],"that":[119,168,175],"assumes":[120],"impenetrable":[121],"walls.":[122],"Our":[123],"reveal":[125],"importance":[127],"considering":[129],"for":[133],"accurate":[135],"analysis":[136],"networks.":[140],"more":[145],"sensitive":[146],"NLOS":[153,195],"strategy":[157,199],"than":[158],"LOS":[162,183],"there":[169],"an":[171],"optimal":[172],"density":[174],"maximizes":[176],"monotonically":[200],"decreases":[201],"increase":[204],"density.":[207]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}