{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200389689","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2021-fall52928.2021.9625045","title":"Kalman Filtering to Track Changes in Pupil Size for Automated Driving Systems","display_name":"Kalman Filtering to Track Changes in Pupil Size for Automated Driving Systems","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200389689","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2021-fall52928.2021.9625045"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/vtc2021-fall52928.2021.9625045","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2021-fall52928.2021.9625045","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607774","display_name":"2021 IEEE 94th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2021-Fall)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE 94th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2021-Fall)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028491816","display_name":"Prarthana Pillai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8875-3784"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74413500","display_name":"University of Windsor","ror":"https://ror.org/01gw3d370","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Prarthana Pillai","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Windsor,Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering,Windsor,ON,Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Windsor,Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering,Windsor,ON,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101751073","display_name":"Balakumar Balasingam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2669-7585"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74413500","display_name":"University of Windsor","ror":"https://ror.org/01gw3d370","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Balakumar Balasingam","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Windsor,Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering,Windsor,ON,Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Windsor,Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering,Windsor,ON,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055035963","display_name":"Arunita Jaekel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6836-9670"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74413500","display_name":"University of Windsor","ror":"https://ror.org/01gw3d370","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arunita Jaekel","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University of Windsor,Windsor,ON,Canada","School of Computer Science, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of Windsor,Windsor,ON,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081576297","display_name":"Francesco Biondi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5558-4707"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74413500","display_name":"University of Windsor","ror":"https://ror.org/01gw3d370","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francesco Biondi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Windsor,Department of Kinesiology,Windsor,ON,Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Windsor,Department of Kinesiology,Windsor,ON,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5028491816"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6126,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80508475,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13248","display_name":"Healthcare Technology and Patient Monitoring","score":0.9896000027656555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9807999730110168,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distraction","display_name":"Distraction","score":0.7515913248062134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7304421663284302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-load","display_name":"Cognitive load","score":0.6639587879180908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workload","display_name":"Workload","score":0.6261335611343384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.6056612133979797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-multitasking","display_name":"Human multitasking","score":0.5745609998703003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/situation-awareness","display_name":"Situation awareness","score":0.562852144241333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/driving-simulator","display_name":"Driving simulator","score":0.533776044845581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kalman-filter","display_name":"Kalman filter","score":0.45696040987968445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pupil","display_name":"Pupil","score":0.4509909451007843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bittorrent-tracker","display_name":"BitTorrent tracker","score":0.4337882101535797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.43236038088798523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.42297452688217163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.4220290780067444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.40968039631843567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"Eye tracking","score":0.3774597644805908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.362150639295578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.32218289375305176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.21489599347114563}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776378700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3030775","display_name":"Distraction","level":2,"score":0.7515913248062134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7304421663284302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61641136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1107019","display_name":"Cognitive load","level":3,"score":0.6639587879180908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778476105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628539","display_name":"Workload","level":2,"score":0.6261335611343384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.6056612133979797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107418235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1520565","display_name":"Human multitasking","level":2,"score":0.5745609998703003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145804949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q478123","display_name":"Situation awareness","level":2,"score":0.562852144241333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780689630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2081815","display_name":"Driving simulator","level":2,"score":0.533776044845581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157286648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846780","display_name":"Kalman filter","level":2,"score":0.45696040987968445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777394604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173318","display_name":"Pupil","level":2,"score":0.4509909451007843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57501372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2021268","display_name":"BitTorrent tracker","level":3,"score":0.4337882101535797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.43236038088798523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.42297452688217163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.4220290780067444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.40968039631843567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.3774597644805908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.362150639295578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.32218289375305176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.21489599347114563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/vtc2021-fall52928.2021.9625045","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2021-fall52928.2021.9625045","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607774","display_name":"2021 IEEE 94th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2021-Fall)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE 94th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2021-Fall)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholar.uwindsor.ca:humankineticspub-1046","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/humankineticspub/45","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400430","display_name":"Scholarship at UWindsor (University of Windsor)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I74413500","host_organization_name":"University of Windsor","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Human Kinetics Publications","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W135341022","https://openalex.org/W1970353868","https://openalex.org/W1982302166","https://openalex.org/W1998128851","https://openalex.org/W2022596768","https://openalex.org/W2116269271","https://openalex.org/W2139137304","https://openalex.org/W2141199398","https://openalex.org/W2157289187","https://openalex.org/W2238582461","https://openalex.org/W2379594775","https://openalex.org/W2605751057","https://openalex.org/W2771855600","https://openalex.org/W2783416238","https://openalex.org/W2791944851","https://openalex.org/W2826715318","https://openalex.org/W2947607296","https://openalex.org/W3001823433","https://openalex.org/W3088632941","https://openalex.org/W3089438454","https://openalex.org/W3126218382","https://openalex.org/W3186035600","https://openalex.org/W4210616753","https://openalex.org/W6605474116"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4242930893","https://openalex.org/W2488058330","https://openalex.org/W1988895983","https://openalex.org/W3140336604","https://openalex.org/W2940047422","https://openalex.org/W132134666","https://openalex.org/W1044687203","https://openalex.org/W2776718775","https://openalex.org/W2901913975","https://openalex.org/W38738745"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automation":[0],"has":[1],"become":[2],"indispensable":[3],"in":[4,68,79,93,113],"all":[5],"walks":[6],"of":[7,48,59,62,82,97,111,119,158],"everyday":[8],"life.":[9],"In":[10,101],"driving":[11,144,159],"environments,":[12],"Automated":[13],"Driving":[14],"Systems":[15],"(ADS)":[16],"aid":[17],"the":[18,22,45,49,56,63,80,94,117,126],"driver":[19],"by":[20,26],"reducing":[21],"required":[23],"workload":[24],"and":[25,38,146],"improving":[27],"road":[28],"safety.":[29],"These":[30],"systems":[31],"require":[32],"human":[33],"drivers":[34,50],"to":[35,124,153],"remain":[36],"vigilant":[37],"maintain":[39],"supervisory":[40],"control":[41],"over":[42],"ADS.":[43,60],"Therefore,":[44],"cognitive":[46,83,98,114],"attention":[47],"must":[51],"be":[52],"estimated":[53],"accurately":[54],"for":[55,108],"safe":[57],"adoption":[58],"Because":[61],"non-invasive":[64],"recording":[65],"setup":[66],"used":[67],"low-cost":[69],"infrared":[70],"eye-trackers,":[71],"pupil":[72,86,127],"size":[73,87,128],"measurements":[74,88],"are":[75,89,151],"increasingly":[76],"becoming":[77],"applicable":[78],"estimation":[81],"load.":[84],"However,":[85],"highly":[90],"noisy,":[91],"resulting":[92],"poor":[95],"classification":[96,110],"load":[99,115],"levels.":[100],"this":[102],"paper,":[103],"we":[104],"propose":[105],"a":[106,120],"methodology":[107],"improved":[109],"changes":[112],"through":[116],"introduction":[118],"state-space":[121],"model-based":[122],"approach":[123,132],"filter":[125],"data.":[129],"The":[130],"proposed":[131],"was":[133],"demonstrated":[134],"on":[135],"data":[136],"collected":[137],"from":[138],"16":[139],"participants":[140],"while":[141],"they":[142],"performed":[143],"task":[145],"several":[147],"secondary":[148],"tasks":[149],"that":[150],"designed":[152],"emulate":[154],"three":[155],"different":[156],"levels":[157],"distraction.":[160]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2021-12-31T00:00:00"}