{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3039796351","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2020-spring48590.2020.9129463","title":"A Probabilistic Octree Fusion Model for Analytical-Based Observer Fault Detection in LSAVs","display_name":"A Probabilistic Octree Fusion Model for Analytical-Based Observer Fault Detection in LSAVs","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3039796351","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2020-spring48590.2020.9129463","mag":"3039796351"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/vtc2020-spring48590.2020.9129463","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2020-spring48590.2020.9129463","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE 91st Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2020-Spring)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071391110","display_name":"Abdul N. Raouf","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39555362","display_name":"University of Warwick","ror":"https://ror.org/01a77tt86","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Abdul N. Raouf","raw_affiliation_strings":["WMG, The University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"WMG, The University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014127387","display_name":"Osama Alluhaibi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1969-4394"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39555362","display_name":"University of Warwick","ror":"https://ror.org/01a77tt86","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Osama Alluhaibi","raw_affiliation_strings":["WMG, The University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"WMG, The University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091609010","display_name":"Stewart Birrell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8778-4087"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39555362","display_name":"University of Warwick","ror":"https://ror.org/01a77tt86","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stewart Birrell","raw_affiliation_strings":["WMG, The University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"WMG, The University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088016846","display_name":"Matthew D. Higgins","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6863-6476"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39555362","display_name":"University of Warwick","ror":"https://ror.org/01a77tt86","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew D. Higgins","raw_affiliation_strings":["WMG, The University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"WMG, The University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004719235","display_name":"Simon Brewerton","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127762","display_name":"Coventry (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/030nd5313","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127762"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simon Brewerton","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aurrigo, Coventry, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aurrigo, Coventry, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127762"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5071391110"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.07029307,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"7"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10876","display_name":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10876","display_name":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11443","display_name":"Advanced Statistical Process Monitoring","score":0.9801999926567078,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11357","display_name":"Risk and Safety Analysis","score":0.9800000190734863,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7010297179222107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-fusion","display_name":"Sensor fusion","score":0.6906542181968689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/octree","display_name":"Octree","score":0.6828104853630066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.5923619270324707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/observer","display_name":"Observer (physics)","score":0.5739692449569702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/redundancy","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","score":0.5524581074714661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fusion","display_name":"Fusion","score":0.5023031234741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.4525347352027893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4156602621078491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligent-transportation-system","display_name":"Intelligent transportation system","score":0.4150368571281433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.41439008712768555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.40190374851226807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.16855907440185547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.09381932020187378}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7010297179222107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.6906542181968689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141297171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1143237","display_name":"Octree","level":2,"score":0.6828104853630066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.5923619270324707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780704645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9251458","display_name":"Observer (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5739692449569702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152124472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1204361","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5524581074714661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.5023031234741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4525347352027893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4156602621078491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47796450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q508378","display_name":"Intelligent transportation system","level":2,"score":0.4150368571281433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.41439008712768555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.40190374851226807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.16855907440185547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.09381932020187378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/vtc2020-spring48590.2020.9129463","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2020-spring48590.2020.9129463","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE 91st Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2020-Spring)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1997713206","https://openalex.org/W2035197451","https://openalex.org/W2046120746","https://openalex.org/W2057414132","https://openalex.org/W2101982712","https://openalex.org/W2110021832","https://openalex.org/W2123514142","https://openalex.org/W2149768940","https://openalex.org/W2152427109","https://openalex.org/W2154418813","https://openalex.org/W2460157116","https://openalex.org/W2465635934","https://openalex.org/W2764313696","https://openalex.org/W2775532222","https://openalex.org/W2783310959","https://openalex.org/W2901136733","https://openalex.org/W2905065366","https://openalex.org/W2914625278","https://openalex.org/W2916748770","https://openalex.org/W2922326277","https://openalex.org/W2963800028","https://openalex.org/W2982410239","https://openalex.org/W3005366946","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6756486208","https://openalex.org/W6757246556"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4319317934","https://openalex.org/W2901265155","https://openalex.org/W2956374172","https://openalex.org/W4319837668","https://openalex.org/W4308071650","https://openalex.org/W3188333020","https://openalex.org/W4281783339","https://openalex.org/W2776826689","https://openalex.org/W1964041166","https://openalex.org/W4390887692"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recently,":[0],"there":[1],"has":[2,73],"been":[3],"a":[4,27,118,146,173],"considerable":[5],"improvement":[6],"in":[7,17,53,85],"low-speed":[8],"autonomous":[9],"vehicles":[10,31],"(LSAVs),":[11],"which":[12,62,120],"will":[13],"function":[14],"key":[15],"roles":[16],"future":[18],"intelligent":[19],"transportation":[20],"systems.":[21],"To":[22],"be":[23],"successfully":[24],"distributed":[25],"on":[26,123,145],"real":[28],"road,":[29],"these":[30],"must":[32],"have":[33,59],"the":[34,81,86,95,99,133,152,158,162,168,179],"ability":[35],"to":[36,50,75,83,178],"drive":[37],"autonomously":[38],"along":[39],"collision-free":[40],"paths":[41],"whilst":[42],"flowing":[43],"traffic":[44],"laws.":[45],"LSAVs":[46],"use":[47],"Lidar":[48,57],"sensors":[49,58,68],"avoid":[51],"obstacles":[52],"its":[54],"path.":[55],"However,":[56],"unreliability":[60],"limitation,":[61],"consequently":[63],"any":[64],"decision":[65,96,159],"made":[66,97,160],"by":[67,98,136,161],"alone":[69],"is":[70,79,107,164],"insufficient":[71],"and":[72,139],"let":[74],"serious":[76],"accidents.":[77],"This":[78,154],"because":[80],"difficulties":[82],"determine":[84],"sensor":[87,114,174,180],"fusion":[88,115,142,181],"system,":[89],"how":[90],"wrong":[91],"information":[92,134,177],"can":[93],"affect":[94],"vehicle.":[100],"In":[101],"this":[102,127],"paper,":[103],"an":[104,129,140],"observer":[105,131],"system":[106,116,170],"present":[108],"for":[109,117],"fault":[110],"detection":[111],"of":[112,149,151],"automated":[113],"LSAV,":[119],"functions":[121],"based":[122,144],"octree":[124,141],"fusion.":[125],"Through":[126],"study,":[128],"analytical":[130],"processing":[132],"obtained":[135],"physical":[137],"redundancy":[138],"process":[143],"probabilistic":[147],"model":[148],"occupation":[150],"voxels.":[153],"method":[155],"shows":[156],"that":[157],"vehicle":[163],"more":[165],"accurate":[166],"than":[167],"existing":[169],"especially":[171],"when":[172],"sends":[175],"incorrect":[176],"system.":[182]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}