{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3040605872","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2020-spring48590.2020.9129428","title":"Smart FIR: Securing e-FIR Data through Blockchain within Smart Cities","display_name":"Smart FIR: Securing e-FIR Data through Blockchain within Smart Cities","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3040605872","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2020-spring48590.2020.9129428","mag":"3040605872"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/vtc2020-spring48590.2020.9129428","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2020-spring48590.2020.9129428","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE 91st Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2020-Spring)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008768618","display_name":"Nasir D. Khan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38552033","display_name":"Frederick University","ror":"https://ror.org/05d8tf882","country_code":"CY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38552033"]}],"countries":["CY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nasir D. Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Informatics, Frederick University, Nicosia, Cyprus"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Informatics, Frederick University, Nicosia, Cyprus","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38552033"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049857037","display_name":"Chrysostomos Chrysostomou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9287-990X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38552033","display_name":"Frederick University","ror":"https://ror.org/05d8tf882","country_code":"CY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38552033"]}],"countries":["CY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chrysostomos Chrysostomou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Informatics, Frederick University, Nicosia, Cyprus"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Informatics, Frederick University, Nicosia, Cyprus","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38552033"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040470129","display_name":"Babar Nazir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3845-7383"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Babar Nazir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5008768618"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38552033"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.0035,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94613716,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9908000230789185,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9865999817848206,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.864966869354248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7213521003723145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.7002332210540771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transparency","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","score":0.6139397621154785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ledger","display_name":"Ledger","score":0.5939163565635681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-integrity","display_name":"Data integrity","score":0.5841546654701233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.5635996460914612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hash-function","display_name":"Hash function","score":0.559371829032898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-contract","display_name":"Smart contract","score":0.5530121922492981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.43051978945732117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.42554277181625366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.41531169414520264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.11861547827720642}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.864966869354248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7213521003723145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.7002332210540771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780233690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535347","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","level":2,"score":0.6139397621154785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91302708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732056","display_name":"Ledger","level":2,"score":0.5939163565635681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33762810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461671","display_name":"Data integrity","level":2,"score":0.5841546654701233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.5635996460914612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99138194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183427","display_name":"Hash function","level":2,"score":0.559371829032898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779950589","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7544035","display_name":"Smart contract","level":3,"score":0.5530121922492981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.43051978945732117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.42554277181625366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.41531169414520264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.11861547827720642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/vtc2020-spring48590.2020.9129428","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2020-spring48590.2020.9129428","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE 91st Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2020-Spring)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.5799999833106995}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2074013628","https://openalex.org/W2119146220","https://openalex.org/W2396827611","https://openalex.org/W2761957151","https://openalex.org/W2803371618","https://openalex.org/W2890728226","https://openalex.org/W2903575304","https://openalex.org/W2949346161","https://openalex.org/W2954082054","https://openalex.org/W2963218953","https://openalex.org/W2963507231","https://openalex.org/W4248175462","https://openalex.org/W6755057678"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4297798448","https://openalex.org/W4388187043","https://openalex.org/W4396713893","https://openalex.org/W4285161539","https://openalex.org/W2982625131","https://openalex.org/W3160375675","https://openalex.org/W4396636834","https://openalex.org/W3092627261","https://openalex.org/W4396241386","https://openalex.org/W4399333949"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Electronic":[0],"First":[1],"Information":[2],"Report":[3],"(e-FIR)":[4],"is":[5,33,136],"a":[6,15,23,85,91,101,106,130,164,182],"basic":[7],"document":[8],"filed":[9],"to":[10,46,115,125,153],"the":[11,36,39,52,117,155,158,173],"police":[12,82,131],"stations":[13,83],"by":[14],"victim":[16],"or":[17],"someone":[18],"on":[19,185],"his/her":[20],"behalf":[21],"when":[22],"cognizable":[24],"offense":[25],"such":[26],"as":[27,96],"murder,":[28],"kidnapping,":[29],"rape,":[30],"theft,":[31],"etc.":[32],"committed.":[34],"In":[35,71],"e-FIR":[37,57,69,74,126],"database,":[38],"offense's":[40],"record":[41],"can":[42,58],"be":[43],"compromised":[44],"due":[45],"its":[47],"centralized":[48,86],"nature,":[49],"and":[50,63,77,176],"further":[51],"intentional":[53],"registration":[54,79],"of":[55,100,119,157,178],"false":[56,78],"occur.":[59],"Thus,":[60],"data":[61,75,127,175],"integrity":[62,76,124],"transparency":[64],"are":[65,88],"key":[66],"concerns":[67],"in":[68,84,122,129,181],"database.":[70,133],"this":[72],"paper,":[73],"appended":[80],"with":[81,138],"database":[87,135],"addressed":[89],"via":[90],"consensus-based":[92],"distributed":[93],"blockchain":[94,121,140,186],"solution,":[95],"an":[97],"integral":[98],"part":[99],"smart":[102,107],"city":[103],"environment.":[104],"Specifically,":[105],"contract":[108],"based":[109],"intelligent":[110],"framework":[111],"has":[112],"been":[113,151],"utilized":[114],"explore":[116],"potential":[118],"Ethereum":[120,139],"providing":[123],"stored":[128,180],"station's":[132],"Local":[134],"interfaced":[137],"using":[141],"Web3":[142],"Remote":[143],"Procedure":[144],"Call":[145],"(RPC)":[146],"protocol.":[147],"Multiple":[148],"simulations":[149],"have":[150],"performed":[152],"evaluate":[154],"performance":[156],"proposed":[159],"framework.":[160],"Our":[161],"results":[162],"show":[163],"trade-off":[165],"between":[166],"different":[167],"hashing":[168],"algorithm":[169],"security":[170],"level":[171],"for":[172],"offenses":[174],"number":[177],"transactions":[179],"single":[183],"block":[184],"ledger.":[187]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}