{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3132716288","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2020-fall49728.2020.9348757","title":"Probabilistic Time-To-Collision: Correlation of Driver Gaze and Surrounding Objects","display_name":"Probabilistic Time-To-Collision: Correlation of Driver Gaze and Surrounding Objects","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3132716288","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2020-fall49728.2020.9348757","mag":"3132716288"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/vtc2020-fall49728.2020.9348757","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2020-fall49728.2020.9348757","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE 92nd Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2020-Fall)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075612888","display_name":"Nico Epple","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106192","display_name":"Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt","ror":"https://ror.org/02bxzcy64","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106192"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156768","display_name":"BMW Group (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/044kkbh92","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210156768"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nico Epple","raw_affiliation_strings":["(Accident and Traffic Analysis) Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt,BMW Group,Munich,Germany","BMW Group, (Accident and Traffic Analysis) Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt, Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"(Accident and Traffic Analysis) Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt,BMW Group,Munich,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106192"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"BMW Group, (Accident and Traffic Analysis) Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106192","https://openalex.org/I4210156768"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112612824","display_name":"Simone Dari","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1283382300","display_name":"BMW (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/05vs9tj88","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1283382300","https://openalex.org/I4210156768"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I206945453","display_name":"Paderborn University","ror":"https://ror.org/058kzsd48","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I206945453"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156768","display_name":"BMW Group (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/044kkbh92","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210156768"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simone Dari","raw_affiliation_strings":["(Accident and Traffic Analysis) Paderborn University,BMW Group,Munich,Germany","BMW Group, (Accident and Traffic Analysis) Paderborn University, Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"(Accident and Traffic Analysis) Paderborn University,BMW Group,Munich,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I206945453","https://openalex.org/I1283382300"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"BMW Group, (Accident and Traffic Analysis) Paderborn University, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I206945453","https://openalex.org/I4210156768"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087073329","display_name":"Andreas Riener","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9174-8895"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106192","display_name":"Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt","ror":"https://ror.org/02bxzcy64","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106192"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andreas Riener","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt (Human-Machine Interaction and Virtual Reality),Ingolstadt,Germany","Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt (Human-Machine Interaction and Virtual Reality), Ingolstadt, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt (Human-Machine Interaction and Virtual Reality),Ingolstadt,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106192"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt (Human-Machine Interaction and Virtual Reality), Ingolstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106192"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.700222373008728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.668813943862915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaze","display_name":"Gaze","score":0.666768491268158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collision","display_name":"Collision","score":0.6598113179206848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brake","display_name":"Brake","score":0.6452842950820923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.6104618310928345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.4360959529876709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.4321298599243164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/advanced-driver-assistance-systems","display_name":"Advanced driver assistance systems","score":0.4293302893638611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.41471412777900696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3818323314189911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.31174108386039734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.21995443105697632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.20888078212738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.2054256796836853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.08700525760650635}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.700222373008728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.668813943862915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.666768491268158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121704057","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352070","display_name":"Collision","level":2,"score":0.6598113179206848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780999251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17022503","display_name":"Brake","level":2,"score":0.6452842950820923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.6104618310928345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.4360959529876709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.4321298599243164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87833898","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1060280","display_name":"Advanced driver assistance systems","level":2,"score":0.4293302893638611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.41471412777900696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3818323314189911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.31174108386039734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.21995443105697632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.20888078212738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2054256796836853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.08700525760650635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/vtc2020-fall49728.2020.9348757","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vtc2020-fall49728.2020.9348757","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE 92nd Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2020-Fall)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W104720311","https://openalex.org/W361190652","https://openalex.org/W1544784425","https://openalex.org/W1895727713","https://openalex.org/W2019177772","https://openalex.org/W2030822653","https://openalex.org/W2052297462","https://openalex.org/W2115579991","https://openalex.org/W2125444001","https://openalex.org/W2218250779","https://openalex.org/W2239112658","https://openalex.org/W2277462216","https://openalex.org/W2508590289","https://openalex.org/W2743391672","https://openalex.org/W2796850409","https://openalex.org/W2891365044","https://openalex.org/W2896642734","https://openalex.org/W2963644257","https://openalex.org/W2971024589","https://openalex.org/W2971337951","https://openalex.org/W3096654154","https://openalex.org/W4249261707","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6622996551","https://openalex.org/W6632517304","https://openalex.org/W6688599449","https://openalex.org/W6749912627","https://openalex.org/W6785280075","https://openalex.org/W7036340511"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1880689012","https://openalex.org/W3014378845","https://openalex.org/W4240909707","https://openalex.org/W2059546927","https://openalex.org/W3207760378","https://openalex.org/W4386072035","https://openalex.org/W2562758970","https://openalex.org/W1986970529","https://openalex.org/W1563178652","https://openalex.org/W2947492009"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Observing":[0],"surrounding":[1],"traffic":[2],"is":[3,40,110,116,134],"one":[4],"of":[5,9,19,77,80,97,101,131],"the":[6,26,50,55,75,94,98,102,113,118,127,139,184],"primary":[7],"responsibilities":[8],"a":[10,17,71,88,144,154,193],"driver":[11,27,99,196],"and":[12],"research":[13],"has":[14],"shown":[15],"that":[16,111,172],"proportion":[18],"accidents":[20],"could":[21],"have":[22],"been":[23],"prevented":[24],"if":[25],"had":[28],"reacted":[29],"faster":[30],"to,":[31],"e.g.,":[32,153],"braking":[33],"vehicles.":[34,65,82],"One":[35],"reason":[36],"for":[37,45],"slowed":[38],"reaction":[39],"missing":[41,78],"visual":[42],"attention,":[43],"used,":[44],"instance,":[46],"to":[47,62,73,87,138,180],"set":[48],"up":[49],"navigation":[51],"system":[52,105],"or":[53],"operate":[54,181],"multimedia":[56],"system.":[57],"This":[58],"reduces":[59],"driver's":[60,114,150],"ability":[61],"perceive":[63],"other":[64],"In":[66],"this":[67],"work,":[68],"we":[69],"propose":[70],"method":[72],"quantify":[74],"effect":[76],"perception":[79,96,157],"leading":[81,132],"We":[83],"extend":[84],"Time-To-Collision":[85],"(TTC)":[86],"probabilistic":[89],"TTC":[90,198],"(PTTC)":[91],"model":[92],"considering":[93],"(additional)":[95],"instead":[100],"vehicle's":[103],"sensor":[104],"only.":[106],"The":[107,129],"underlying":[108],"theory":[109],"whenever":[112],"gaze":[115],"off":[117],"road,":[119],"he":[120],"cannot":[121],"observe":[122],"whether":[123],"vehicles":[124,133],"ahead":[125],"apply":[126],"brake.":[128],"position":[130],"modeled":[135],"probabilistically,":[136],"according":[137],"gaze-off-road":[140],"time.":[141],"Results":[142],"from":[143],"naturalistic":[145],"driving":[146],"study":[147],"(vehicle":[148],"sensors,":[149],"face)":[151],"indicate,":[152],"reduced":[155],"environmental":[156],"during":[158],"lane":[159],"change":[160],"situations,":[161],"but":[162],"with":[163,175],"little":[164],"impact":[165],"on":[166],"road":[167],"safety.":[168],"Data":[169],"further":[170],"show":[171],"in":[173,183],"situations":[174],"high":[176],"TTC,":[177],"drivers":[178],"tend":[179],"controls":[182],"center":[185],"console.":[186],"PTTC":[187],"will":[188],"now":[189],"be":[190],"used":[191],"as":[192],"more":[194],"realistic,":[195],"related,":[197],"variant.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}