{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3024053490","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vr46266.2020.1581528155120","title":"The Effects of Virtual Audience Size on Social Anxiety during Public Speaking","display_name":"The Effects of Virtual Audience Size on Social Anxiety during Public Speaking","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3024053490","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vr46266.2020.1581528155120","mag":"3024053490"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/vr46266.2020.1581528155120","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vr46266.2020.1581528155120","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608475","display_name":"2020 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050022709","display_name":"Fariba Mostajeran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7424-9031"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159176309","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Hamburg","ror":"https://ror.org/00g30e956","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159176309"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fariba Mostajeran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e4t Hamburg"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e4t Hamburg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159176309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012015309","display_name":"Melik Berk Balci","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108711","display_name":"University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf","ror":"https://ror.org/01zgy1s35","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159176309","https://openalex.org/I4210108711"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159176309","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Hamburg","ror":"https://ror.org/00g30e956","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159176309"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Melik Berk Balci","raw_affiliation_strings":["University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159176309","https://openalex.org/I4210108711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056266983","display_name":"Frank Steinicke","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9879-7414"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159176309","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Hamburg","ror":"https://ror.org/00g30e956","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159176309"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frank Steinicke","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e4t Hamburg"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e4t Hamburg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159176309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069589495","display_name":"Simone K\u00fchn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6823-7969"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108711","display_name":"University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf","ror":"https://ror.org/01zgy1s35","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159176309","https://openalex.org/I4210108711"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159176309","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Hamburg","ror":"https://ror.org/00g30e956","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159176309"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simone Kuhn","raw_affiliation_strings":["University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159176309","https://openalex.org/I4210108711"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018388957","display_name":"J\u00fcrgen Gallinat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0313-5843"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159176309","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Hamburg","ror":"https://ror.org/00g30e956","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159176309"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108711","display_name":"University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf","ror":"https://ror.org/01zgy1s35","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159176309","https://openalex.org/I4210108711"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jurgen Gallinat","raw_affiliation_strings":["University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159176309","https://openalex.org/I4210108711"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5050022709"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159176309"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.6978,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93211488,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"303","last_page":"312"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10853","display_name":"Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10853","display_name":"Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10529","display_name":"Stress Responses and Cortisol","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2802","display_name":"Behavioral Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13219","display_name":"Mind wandering and attention","score":0.9824000000953674,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trier-social-stress-test","display_name":"Trier social stress test","score":0.7208417654037476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anxiety","display_name":"Anxiety","score":0.6819623708724976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-speaking","display_name":"Public speaking","score":0.6609249114990234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arousal","display_name":"Arousal","score":0.5824191570281982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.5274515151977539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptation","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","score":0.5149536728858948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"Virtual reality","score":0.5071947574615479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4332570433616638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/applied-psychology","display_name":"Applied psychology","score":0.42125093936920166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heart-rate","display_name":"Heart rate","score":0.4206465482711792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.3968830704689026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.35757148265838623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3415766954421997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fight-or-flight-response","display_name":"Fight-or-flight response","score":0.19544586539268494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.1413818597793579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blood-pressure","display_name":"Blood pressure","score":0.08041983842849731}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778597338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7841444","display_name":"Trier social stress test","level":4,"score":0.7208417654037476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C558461103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154430","display_name":"Anxiety","level":2,"score":0.6819623708724976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522180918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18342738","display_name":"Public speaking","level":2,"score":0.6609249114990234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36951298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q379784","display_name":"Arousal","level":2,"score":0.5824191570281982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5274515151977539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.5149536728858948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.5071947574615479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4332570433616638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.42125093936920166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777953023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1073121","display_name":"Heart rate","level":3,"score":0.4206465482711792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.3968830704689026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.35757148265838623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3415766954421997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78604142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1640582","display_name":"Fight-or-flight response","level":3,"score":0.19544586539268494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.1413818597793579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84393581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82642","display_name":"Blood pressure","level":2,"score":0.08041983842849731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/vr46266.2020.1581528155120","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vr46266.2020.1581528155120","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608475","display_name":"2020 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.mpg.de:item_3239837","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/21.11116/0000-0006-9C1F-9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400654","display_name":"MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I149899117","host_organization_name":"Max Planck Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR), Atlanta, GA, USA, 2020","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.550000011920929,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":89,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W104985052","https://openalex.org/W115662068","https://openalex.org/W1518433044","https://openalex.org/W1556348243","https://openalex.org/W1569173481","https://openalex.org/W1809436058","https://openalex.org/W1819104005","https://openalex.org/W1945904285","https://openalex.org/W1974964370","https://openalex.org/W1978823883","https://openalex.org/W1990317956","https://openalex.org/W1991840022","https://openalex.org/W1994443708","https://openalex.org/W1994877858","https://openalex.org/W1998091136","https://openalex.org/W2001703021","https://openalex.org/W2003223449","https://openalex.org/W2006180230","https://openalex.org/W2015824999","https://openalex.org/W2021999691","https://openalex.org/W2026802303","https://openalex.org/W2027237415","https://openalex.org/W2032463135","https://openalex.org/W2034681564","https://openalex.org/W2035385627","https://openalex.org/W2035598192","https://openalex.org/W2039164918","https://openalex.org/W2040061951","https://openalex.org/W2045342888","https://openalex.org/W2048022624","https://openalex.org/W2050686491","https://openalex.org/W2054327162","https://openalex.org/W2070025642","https://openalex.org/W2074127474","https://openalex.org/W2080509533","https://openalex.org/W2091413411","https://openalex.org/W2098439642","https://openalex.org/W2098940738","https://openalex.org/W2101484768","https://openalex.org/W2102426591","https://openalex.org/W2109173514","https://openalex.org/W2112558862","https://openalex.org/W2119581482","https://openalex.org/W2120951423","https://openalex.org/W2121454512","https://openalex.org/W2122262329","https://openalex.org/W2124303793","https://openalex.org/W2129624422","https://openalex.org/W2133469846","https://openalex.org/W2133821880","https://openalex.org/W2137338071","https://openalex.org/W2139407263","https://openalex.org/W2142439223","https://openalex.org/W2143226864","https://openalex.org/W2144227562","https://openalex.org/W2144961120","https://openalex.org/W2149628368","https://openalex.org/W2150934365","https://openalex.org/W2161754592","https://openalex.org/W2163004454","https://openalex.org/W2167557160","https://openalex.org/W2174993258","https://openalex.org/W2208617120","https://openalex.org/W2245231029","https://openalex.org/W2292220267","https://openalex.org/W2338548833","https://openalex.org/W2409889497","https://openalex.org/W2411113220","https://openalex.org/W2471797326","https://openalex.org/W2480350491","https://openalex.org/W2517202283","https://openalex.org/W2530044074","https://openalex.org/W2565451694","https://openalex.org/W2591583354","https://openalex.org/W2743659827","https://openalex.org/W2786973165","https://openalex.org/W2887538181","https://openalex.org/W2899575655","https://openalex.org/W3081803702","https://openalex.org/W3121140647","https://openalex.org/W3171418018","https://openalex.org/W4250286362","https://openalex.org/W6604275160","https://openalex.org/W6604717618","https://openalex.org/W6630965407","https://openalex.org/W6633208645","https://openalex.org/W6640687837","https://openalex.org/W6662747424","https://openalex.org/W6669098940"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2981401158","https://openalex.org/W2077223757","https://openalex.org/W3203922361","https://openalex.org/W2023477927","https://openalex.org/W2797353419","https://openalex.org/W3170423446","https://openalex.org/W2155045291","https://openalex.org/W4206968626","https://openalex.org/W2013324017","https://openalex.org/W1979014789"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Prior":[0],"studies":[1],"have":[2],"explored":[3],"the":[4,22,38,83,104,116,147,158,163,184],"possibility":[5],"of":[6,40,54,69,79,85,88,146,154,162,180,195],"inducing":[7,136],"social":[8],"anxiety":[9,155],"(SA)":[10],"in":[11,34,37,42,44,67,108,115,123,141,171],"virtual":[12,89,164,177],"reality":[13],"(VR).":[14],"Among":[15],"various":[16],"existing":[17],"protocols":[18],"for":[19,64],"this":[20,73,124],"purpose,":[21],"Trier":[23],"Social":[24],"Stress":[25],"Test":[26],"(TSST)":[27],"has":[28],"been":[29],"proven":[30],"to":[31,81],"be":[32,132,168],"robust":[33],"evoking":[35],"SA":[36,137],"majority":[39],"participants":[41,120],"both":[43],"vivo":[45,109,142],"as":[46,48,175],"well":[47],"VR":[49,135],"conditions.":[50],"The":[51],"TSST":[52,80,110],"consists":[53],"giving":[55],"a":[56,127,151,176],"speech":[57],"and":[58,198],"performing":[59],"mental":[60],"arithmetic":[61],"calculations":[62],"each":[63],"five":[65],"minutes":[66],"front":[68],"three":[70,112,181],"persons.":[71],"In":[72,100],"paper,":[74],"we":[75,102],"present":[76],"an":[77,107,193],"adaptation":[78],"investigate":[82],"effects":[84],"different":[86,191],"numbers":[87],"humans":[90],"(VHs)":[91],"(i.e.,":[92],"three,":[93],"six,":[94],"or":[95],"fifteen)":[96],"on":[97],"perceived":[98],"SA.":[99],"addition,":[101],"compare":[103],"results":[105],"with":[106,111,134],"real":[113],"persons":[114],"audience.":[117],"Twenty":[118],"four":[119],"took":[121],"part":[122],"experiment.":[125,159],"As":[126],"result,":[128],"physiological":[129],"arousal":[130],"could":[131,167],"observed":[133,169],"yet":[138],"less":[139],"than":[140],"TSST.":[143],"Furthermore,":[144],"some":[145],"subjective":[148],"measures":[149],"showed":[150],"high":[152],"state":[153],"experienced":[156],"during":[157],"An":[160],"effect":[161],"audience":[165,178,194],"size":[166,179,196],"only":[170],"heart":[172],"rate":[173],"(HR)":[174],"VHs":[182],"induced":[183],"highest":[185],"HR":[186],"responses":[187],"which":[188],"was":[189],"significantly":[190],"from":[192],"six":[197],"fifteen.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
