{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1604921170","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vr.2015.7223465","title":"Optical see-through head up displays' effect on depth judgments of real world objects","display_name":"Optical see-through head up displays' effect on depth judgments of real world objects","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1604921170","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vr.2015.7223465","mag":"1604921170"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/vr.2015.7223465","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vr.2015.7223465","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2015 IEEE Virtual Reality (VR)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017666110","display_name":"Missie Smith","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9594-7640"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Missie Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["Industrial & Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech","[Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Industrial & Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033863000","display_name":"Nadejda Doutcheva","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nadejda Doutcheva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Industrial & Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech","[Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Industrial & Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008584137","display_name":"Joseph L. Gabbard","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7488-676X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph L. Gabbard","raw_affiliation_strings":["Industrial & Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech","[Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Industrial & Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027192087","display_name":"Gary Burnett","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9945-9396"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113124","display_name":"Human Factors (Norway)","ror":"https://ror.org/025k44790","country_code":"NO","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113124"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142263535","display_name":"University of Nottingham","ror":"https://ror.org/01ee9ar58","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}],"countries":["GB","NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gary Burnett","raw_affiliation_strings":["Human Factors Research Group, University of Nottingham","[Human Factors Research Group, University of Nottingham]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Human Factors Research Group, University of Nottingham","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113124","https://openalex.org/I142263535"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Human Factors Research Group, University of Nottingham]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5017666110"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.0163,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86354648,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"401","last_page":"405"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9886000156402588,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9886000156402588,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10427","display_name":"Visual perception and processing mechanisms","score":0.9883000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.9873999953269958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/augmented-reality","display_name":"Augmented reality","score":0.7370055317878723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graphics","display_name":"Graphics","score":0.6974294185638428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pedestrian","display_name":"Pedestrian","score":0.6263969540596008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5834944844245911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.5634447932243347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5335208773612976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.5244993567466736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/depth-perception","display_name":"Depth perception","score":0.48644566535949707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.44990333914756775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.28279560804367065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.123056560754776}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153715457","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254183","display_name":"Augmented reality","level":2,"score":0.7370055317878723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21442007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027879","display_name":"Graphics","level":2,"score":0.6974294185638428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777113093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221488","display_name":"Pedestrian","level":2,"score":0.6263969540596008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5834944844245911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.5634447932243347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5335208773612976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.5244993567466736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52672216","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1749840","display_name":"Depth perception","level":3,"score":0.48644566535949707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.44990333914756775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.28279560804367065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.123056560754776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/vr.2015.7223465","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vr.2015.7223465","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2015 IEEE Virtual Reality (VR)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.4300000071525574}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W118171153","https://openalex.org/W936088514","https://openalex.org/W2023890789","https://openalex.org/W2024217338","https://openalex.org/W2030994931","https://openalex.org/W2041318191","https://openalex.org/W2043815990","https://openalex.org/W2073470097","https://openalex.org/W2082425367","https://openalex.org/W2086641568","https://openalex.org/W2094498058","https://openalex.org/W2118939829","https://openalex.org/W2133816434","https://openalex.org/W2140438025","https://openalex.org/W2144546006","https://openalex.org/W2158597541","https://openalex.org/W2168903517","https://openalex.org/W6656448420"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4234077872","https://openalex.org/W3213280747","https://openalex.org/W2066703180","https://openalex.org/W856338413","https://openalex.org/W82290398","https://openalex.org/W2381296300","https://openalex.org/W74297911","https://openalex.org/W4245723629","https://openalex.org/W86491366","https://openalex.org/W2393062505"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"research":[1],"indicates":[2],"that":[3,39,117],"users":[4],"consistently":[5],"underestimate":[6],"depth":[7,33,62,93],"judgments":[8,34,257],"to":[9,21,90,123,130,134,142,264],"Augmented":[10],"Reality":[11],"(AR)":[12],"graphics":[13,30,56],"when":[14,136],"viewed":[15,77],"through":[16],"optical":[17,80],"see-through":[18,81],"displays.":[19],"However,":[20],"our":[22],"knowledge,":[23],"little":[24],"work":[25],"has":[26],"examined":[27],"how":[28],"AR":[29,46,55,158,164,260,280],"may":[31],"affect":[32],"of":[35,64,94,107,206,240,255],"real":[36],"world":[37],"objects":[38],"have":[40,57],"been":[41],"overlaid":[42,166],"or":[43,84],"annotated":[44],"with":[45,245],"graphics.":[47],"This":[48],"study":[49],"begins":[50],"a":[51,95,104,132,162,171,179,204],"preliminary":[52],"analysis":[53],"whether":[54],"directional":[58],"effects":[59],"on":[60,167,178,183],"users'":[61],"perception":[63],"real-world":[65],"objects,":[66],"as":[67,76],"might":[68],"be":[69,143],"experienced":[70,152],"in":[71,119,226,252,278],"vehicle":[72],"driving":[73],"scenarios":[74],"(e.g.,":[75],"via":[78,170],"an":[79,113],"head-up":[82],"display":[83,155,160,201,268],"HUD).":[85],"Twenty-four":[86],"participants":[87,236],"were":[88,111,127,275],"asked":[89,129],"judge":[91],"the":[92,137,145,168,174,184,215,228,238,241,253,259,265,279],"physical":[96,242],"pedestrian":[97,169],"proxy":[98],"figure":[99],"moving":[100,138],"towards":[101],"them":[102],"at":[103,144],"constant":[105],"rate":[106],"1":[108],"meter/second.":[109],"Participants":[110,186],"shown":[112],"initial":[114],"target":[115,139,148,193],"location":[116,217],"varied":[118],"distance":[120,194,213,230,239,256],"from":[121,214],"11":[122,196],"20":[124,198],"m":[125],"and":[126,173,197,220],"then":[128],"press":[131],"button":[133],"indicate":[135],"was":[140,218,231,250],"perceived":[141],"previously":[146],"specified":[147],"location.":[149],"Each":[150],"participant":[151,272],"three":[153],"different":[154],"conditions:":[156],"no":[157],"visual":[159],"(control),":[161],"conformal":[163],"graphic":[165,176],"HUD,":[172],"same":[175],"presented":[177],"tablet":[180],"physically":[181],"located":[182],"pedestrian.":[185],"completed":[187],"10":[188],"trials":[189,208],"(one":[190],"for":[191,203],"each":[192,222],"between":[195],"inclusive)":[199],"per":[200,209],"condition":[202,262],"total":[205],"30":[207],"participant.":[210],"The":[211],"judged":[212],"correct":[216,229],"recorded,":[219],"after":[221],"trial,":[223],"participants'":[224],"confidence":[225,273],"determining":[227],"captured.":[232],"Across":[233],"all":[234],"conditions,":[235],"underestimated":[237],"object":[243],"consistent":[244],"existing":[246],"literature.":[247],"Greater":[248],"variability":[249],"observed":[251],"accuracy":[254],"under":[258],"HUD":[261,281],"relative":[263],"other":[266],"two":[267],"conditions.":[269],"In":[270],"addition,":[271],"levels":[274],"considerably":[276],"lower":[277],"condition.":[282]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
